Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War

Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War The Battle of Balaclava was fought October 25, 1854, during the Crimean War (1853-1856) and was part of the larger Siege of Sevastopol. Having landed at Kalamita Bay in September, the Allied army had commenced a slow advance on Sevastopol. When the Allies elected to lay siege to the city rather than mount a direct assault, the British found themselves responsible for defending the eastern approaches to the area including the key port of Balaclava. Lacking sufficient men for this task, they soon came under attack from Prince Aleksandr Menshikovs forces. Advancing under the command of General Pavel Liprandi, the Russians were initially able to push back British and Ottoman forces near Balaclava. This advance was finally halted by a small infantry force and the Heavy Brigade of the Cavalry Division. The battle ended with the famed charge of the Light Brigade which came about due to a series of misinterpreted orders. Fast Facts: Battle of Balaclava Conflict: Crimean War (1853-1856)Dates: October 25, 1854Armies Commanders:AlliesLord Raglan20,000 British, 7,000 French, 1,000 OttomanRussiansGeneral Pavel Liprandi25,000 men78 gunsCasualties:Allies: 615 killed and woundedRussia: 627 killed and wounded Background On September 5, 1854, the combined British and French fleets departed the Ottoman port of Varna (in present-day Bulgaria) and moved towards the Crimean Peninsula. Nine days later, Allied forces began landing on the beaches of Kalamita Bay approximately 33 miles north of the port of Sevastopol. Over the next several days, 62,600 men and 137 guns came ashore. As this force commenced its march south,  Prince Aleksandr Menshikov sought to halt the enemy at the Alma River. Meeting  at the Battle of the Alma on September 20, the Allies won a victory over the Russians and continued their advance south towards Sevastopol. Field Marshal Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan. Library of Congress Though the British commander, Lord Raglan, favored a swift pursuit of the beaten enemy, his French counterpart, Marshal Jacques St. Arnaud, preferred a more sedate pace (Map). Slowly moving south, their tardy progress gave Menshikov time to prepare defenses and re-form his beaten army. Passing inland of Sevastopol, the Allies sought to approach the city from the south as naval intelligence suggested the defenses in this area were weaker than those in the north. This move was endorsed by noted engineer Lieutenant General John Fox Burgoyne, son of General John Burgoyne, who was serving as an advisor to Raglan. Enduring a difficult march, Raglan and St. Arnaud elected to lay siege rather than directly assault the city. Though unpopular with their subordinates, this decision saw work begin on siege lines. To support their operations, the French established a base on the west coast at Kamiesh, while the British took Balaclava in the south. The Allies Establish Themselves By occupying Balaclava, Raglan committed the British to defending the Allies right flank, a mission that he lacked the men to accomplish effectively. Located outside of the main Allied lines, work began on providing Balaclava with its own defensive network. To the north of the city were heights which descended into the South Valley. Along the northern edge of the valley were the Causeway Heights across which ran the Woronzoff Road which provided a vital link to the siege operations at Sevastopol. To protect the road, Turkish troops began building a series of redoubts beginning with Redoubt No. 1 in the east on Canroberts Hill. Above the heights was the North Valley which was bounded by the Fedioukine Hills to the north and the Sapounà © Heights to the west. To defend this area, Raglan had only Lord Lucans Cavalry Division, which was camped at the western end of the valleys, the 93rd Highlanders, and a contingent of Royal Marines. In the weeks since Alma, Russian reserves had reached the Crimea and Menshikov began planning a strike against the Allies. The Russians Rebound Having evacuated his army east as the Allies approached, Menshikov entrusted the defense of Sevastopol to Admirals Vladimir Kornilov and Pavel Nakhimov. A savvy move, this allowed the Russian general to continue maneuvering against the enemy while also receiving reinforcements. Gathering around 25,000 men, Menshikov instructed General Pavel Liprandi to move to strike Balaclava from the east. Capturing the village of Chorgun on October 18, Liprandi was able to reconnoiter the Balaclava defenses. Developing his plan of attack, the Russian commander intended for a column to take Kamara in the east, while another attacked the eastern end of Causeway Heights and nearby Canroberts Hill. These assaults were to be supported by Lieutenant General Ivan Ryzhovs cavalry while a column under Major General Zhabokritsky moved onto the Fedioukine Heights. Commencing his attack early on October 25, Liprandis forces were able to take Kamara and overwhelmed the defenders of Redoubt No. 1 on Canroberts Hill. Pressing forward, they succeeded in taking Redoubts Nos. 2, 3, and 4, while inflicting heavy losses on their Turkish defenders. Witnessing the battle from his headquarters on the Sapounà © Heights, Raglan ordered the 1st and 4th Divisions to leave the lines at Sevastopol to aid the 4,500 defenders at Balaclava. General Franà §ois Canrobert, commanding the French army, also sent reinforcements including the Chasseurs dAfrique. Clash of the Cavalry Seeking to exploit his success, Liprandi ordered forward Ryzhovs cavalry. Advancing across the North Valley with between 2,000 to 3,000 men, Ryzhov crested the Causeway Heights before spotting Brigadier General James Scarletts Heavy (Cavalry) Brigade moving across his front. He also saw the Allied infantry position, consisting of the 93rd Highlands and the remnants of the Turkish units, in front of the village of Kadikoi. Detaching 400 men of the Ingermanland Hussars, Ryzhov ordered them to clear the infantry. The Thin Red Line, oil on canvas, by Robert Gibb, 1881. National War Museum of Scotland Riding down, the hussars were met with a furious defense by the Thin Red Line of the 93rd. Turning the enemy back after a few volleys, the Highlanders held their ground. Scarlett, spotting Ryzhovs main force on his left, wheeled his horsemen and attacked. Halting his troops, Ryzhov met the British charge and worked to envelop them with his larger numbers. In a furious fight, Scarletts men were able to drive back the Russians, forcing them to retreat back over the heights and up the North Valley (Map). Charge of the Heavy Cavalry Brigade at Balaclava. Library of Congress Confusion Retreating across the front of the Light Brigade, its commander, Lord Cardigan, did not attack as he believed his orders from Lucan required him to hold his position. As a result, a golden opportunity was missed. Ryzhovs men halted at the east end of the valley and reformed behind a battery of eight guns. Though his cavalry had been repulsed, Liprandi had infantry and artillery on the eastern part of the Causeway Heights as well as Zhabokritskys men and guns on the Fedioukine Hills. Desiring to retake the initiative, Raglan issued Lucan a confusing order to attack on two fronts with infantry support. As the infantry had not arrived, Raglan did not advance but did deploy the Light Brigade to cover the North Valley, while the Heavy Brigade protected the South Valley. Increasingly impatient at Lucans lack of activity, Raglan dictated another vague order instructing the cavalry to attack around 10:45 AM. Delivered by hot-headed Captain Louis Nolan, Lucan was confused by Raglans order. Growing angry, Nolan insolently stated that Raglan desired an attack and began indiscriminately pointing up the North Valley towards Ryzhovs guns rather than to the Causeway Heights. Angered by Nolans behavior, Lucan sent him away rather than question him further. Charge of the Light Brigade Riding to Cardigan, Lucan indicated that Raglan desired him to attack up the valley. Cardigan questioned the order as there were artillery and enemy forces on three sides of the line of advance. To this Lucan replied, But Lord Raglan will have it. We have no choice but to obey. Mounting up, the Light Brigade moved off down the valley as Raglan, able to see the Russian positions, watched in horror. Charging forward, the Light Brigade was hammered by the Russian artillery losing nearly half its strength before it reached Ryzhovs guns. Charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade at Balaclava. Public Domain Following to their left, the Chasseurs dAfrique swept along Fedioukine Hills driving off the Russians, while the Heavy Brigade moved in their wake until Lucan halted them to avoid taking more losses. Battling around the guns, the Light Brigade drove off some of the Russian cavalry, but was compelled to retreat when they realized that no support was forthcoming. Nearly surrounded, the survivors fought their back up the valley while under fire from the heights. The losses incurred in the charge prevented any additional action by the Allies for the rest of the day. Aftermath The Battle of Balaclava saw the Allies suffer 615 killed, wounded, and captured, while the Russians lost 627. Prior to the charge, the Light Brigade possessed a mounted strength of 673 men. This was reduced to 195 after the battle, with 247 killed and wounded and the loss of 475 horses. Short on men, Raglan could not risk further assaults on the heights and they remained in Russian hands. Though not the complete victory that Liprandi had hoped for, the battle severely restricted Allied movement to and from Sevastopol. The fighting also saw the Russians assume a position closer to the Allied lines. In November, Prince Menshikov would use this advanced location to launch another attack that resulted in the Battle of Inkerman. This saw the Allies win a key victory that effectively broke the fighting spirit of the Russian army and put 24 of the 50 battalions engaged out of action.

15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future

15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future 15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future 15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future By Mark Nichol Do you need a word for a person who foretells the future? Take care in your selection. There are plenty of synonyms, but most have a unique connotation. Here are 15 mostly distinct terms and their specific meanings: 1. augur: One who predicts events based on omens; the name stems from officials in ancient Rome who carried out this type of task. (The verb form is used in the expression â€Å"augurs well,† as in â€Å"This outcome augurs well for us.†) Not to be confused with auger, the word for a device or tool for boring holes. 2. Cassandra: One who correctly predicts unfortunate events in vain, from the character in Greek mythology so cursed. 3. crystal gazer: One who uses a crystal or glass globe or other objects in order to channel knowledge; a modern sense is of predicting without sufficient information. 4. doomsayer: One who routinely predicts disaster. (See Cassandra for a special sense.) 5. fortune-teller: One who foretells events, generally to a client regarding that person’s personal life. 6. futurist: One who offers opinions or insights about the future based on study of past and current events; this term is most appropriate for a serious discussion of modern predictions about societal issues based on trends. 7. Jeremiah: A pessimistic biblical prophet, and, by extension, anyone who predicts calamity; his name also gave rise to the term jeremiad, meaning â€Å"a complaint or rant.† 8. oracle: A person who serves as the mouthpiece of a deity. (Oracular pronouncements in ancient Greece were obscure and ambiguous, and more than one figure in Greek mythology learned that lesson painfully.) The term now refers, by extension, to anyone respected for the sagacity of their opinions or predictions. 9. palm reader/palmist: A fortune-teller whose predictions are based on reading the lines of a person’s palm. 10. prophesier: One who prophesies (pronounced with a long i), or makes a prediction, often in the sense of a veiled message, handed down through the generations, that foretells an occurrence. 11. prognosticator: One who predicts based on observations of phenomena. 12. prophet: One who reveals through divine inspiration. In the Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism), the term refers to one who has received messages directly from God; in this sense, the singular and plural forms are often capitalized. 13. seer: One who predicts events, especially a crystal gazer. By extension, this term refers to insightful modern experts. 14. sibyl: One of a number of female prophets of the ancient world. 15. soothsayer: One who predicts the future by reason, intuition, or magic. There is no noun form of the phrase â€Å"deja vu† that identifies a person who experiences an illusion of having already lived through an event occurring for the first time, but there should be. The term also refers casually to a familiar but unwelcome experience. (â€Å"Support for the Libyan rebels was yet another case of deja vu.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Perpetuation of adolescence in the workplace Essay

Perpetuation of adolescence in the workplace - Essay Example In Nine to Five, the female protagonists certainly cause trouble and disrupt the office, but in a positive way, a way that is driven by a legitimate sense of injustice, and which ends up creating positive results in the office (Resnick and Higgins). There is little resemblance to the aimless, unproductive antics of the overgrown adolescent boys who comprise the rest of our examples. Even in the comparatively staid Dilbert, the random workplace shenanigans fall mostly to Dilbert and Wally, while Tina acts out of a sense of ambition and legitimate grievance. Of course, given Dilbert creator Scott Adams’ ideas about gender, he’s the last place we should look for nonstereotypical gender roles (Adams). This strict gendering is part of a cultural narrative, seen (among other places) on most sitcoms of the past 20 years, wherein men are immature wastrels with crude habits, and women are unfunny, joyless buzzkills. It is worth noting that the second-wave feminist hijinks of Nin e to Five were thirty years ago, and have not been significantly repeated. In this narrative, men must be the pranksters, and women the stern, disapproving â€Å"straight men,† like Margaret Dumont in all the Marx Brothers movies. This gendering arises partly from the cultural perception of â€Å"Peter Pan Syndrome,† so named in the 1983 book of the same name (Kiley). It describes men (and only men) who refuse to â€Å"grow up† and accept what are generally seen as adult roles and responsibilities. The role of women in their lives is to become â€Å"Wendies,† temporary surrogate mothers who enable this lifestyle. As a concept, it’s an old one; the Romans called Bacchus, eternally young god of wine and madness, the puer aeturnus, or â€Å"eternal boy.† (Kiley) Of course, all of this cultural context is really just â€Å"boys will be boys† in greater detail. There are cultural currents and narratives into which the office-adolescent con cept fits, but is that all there is to it? What if the puer aeturnus narrative is just a cover for something deeper? A closer look at some of the preeminent examples of the trope provide some interesting insights, suggesting that the gendering of the trope in narrative is just a cultural gloss on a deeper problem. Given its prevalence, an exhaustive review of examples of this narrative trope would be impossible, but it is worth examining a few in detail. The popular British sitcom The Office opens with a perfect example, as the character of Gareth is outraged to discover that his stapler, about which he is neurotically possessive, has been neatly encased in jelly. This is part of a campaign of similar pranksterism being conducted against him by Tim, the closest thing the show has to a direct protagonist. Other examples include gluing his phone headset down, sending him a series of romantic emails under the guise of an imaginary woman, and locking him in an office. Tim’s behav ior is presented partly as a semi-admirable effort to puncture Gareth’s self-important pretentions, but largely as an outlet for a directionless energy that his job does not channel into anything useful (BBC). The characters in Joshua Ferris’s Then We Came To The End face a similar problem; a job-related ennui that expresses itself in the most non-job-related activities possible. â€Å"Our boredom was ongoing, a collective boredom, and it would never

Counter Terrorism Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Counter Terrorism Operations - Essay Example If you ask, none can track my past as the commander of ‘xxx’ jihadist organization because I possess a fake personal profile (including the information disclosed in my passport). By the by, the mission authorized upon me is to conduct a bomb blast in Edinburgh, Scotland. After conducting thorough research, I did attain a conclusion that I can organize the plot with ease because counter terrorism planning in Edinburgh is comparatively ineffective. Vick (2002) stated that, â€Å"In the past, Special Operations Forces accomplished the active counterterrorism mission; conventional forces protected themselves against terrorism and provided security to civilian activities† (p.61). The most important measure to protect myself from counter terrorism operations is that I am an international tourist. I am so interested in performing arts and I wish to visit the Edinburgh International Festival. Can anyone read my mind and unearth my aim? No. As an international citizen, I c an visit Edinburgh as an international tourist, who is deeply interested in performing arts. But my aim is to warn the international community by conducting an explosion at ‘The Hub’. I am aware of the fact that the month of August is the best possible opportunity for me to conduct an explosion in Edinburgh. For instance, in August, the international tourists flow to Edinburgh to visit the Edinburgh International Festival. ... This will be most helpful for me to have direct involvement in the proposed operation. To be specific, my aim is to conduct a serial bomb blast at ‘The hub’. One can see that serial blasts defeat the disaster mitigation measures adopted by the governments. To be specific, serial blasts can kill more people and can attract international attention. Within this scenario, the government will become helpless. I selected 21 of August as the date for the proposed explosion. I did select this date because I need a little bit time to settle myself in Edinburgh. The grass root level reason behind my aim to conduct a serial bomb blast in Edinburgh is interconnected with our decision to terrorize Europe and America. Kepel (2006) opined that, â€Å"The terrorism of September 11 was above all a provocation-albeit a provocation of gigantic proportions† (p.4). Within the context of our organization, the ultimate authority (say, the leader) does not allow anyone to know more about secret plans. This preventive measure is generally adopted by our leadership to operate from distant places. Besides, this indirect involvement of our leader can prevent the governments from adopting counter-terrorism measures. On the other side, we are aware of the different tactics made use by the governments. Here, the military cannot find out any evidence on my presence because my real identity is hidden under the mask of an international tourist. In short, the reason behind the proposed bomb blast is to exhibit the strength of our organization. As pointed out earlier, my aim is to make use of the Edinburgh International Festival as a medium to create terror among the world nations. In Edinburgh, I will not make use of any specific place for boarding and lodging because this will help the

Career Opportunities with Commerce Education Essay Example for Free

Career Opportunities with Commerce Education Essay Commerce Education As a stream of study, Commerce can be studied right after 10 years of schooling. After the 10 years of schooling commerce is available as an option in 10+2 or the Higher Secondary level. This paves the way for higher studies in commerce related subjects. The undergraduate and postgraduate Education in Commerce is offered at University departments and colleges spread all across the country. Specializations are offered at post graduate and at research levels. A number of subjects can be studied under disciplines of Commerce in conjugation like; accountancy, economics, mathematics, business, finance etc. Most commerce colleges in India offer the following subjects: Business economics: This would cover concepts like the laws of demand and supply, law of returns, elasticity, theory of pricing under different market forms etc. Financial accounting: This subject would deal with the preparation of profit and loss statements, balance sheets and final accounts of a company, knowledge of Indian and international accounting standards, calculation of depreciation and valuation of shares and goodwill of a company. Cost accounting: This would include process, Job and contract costing, costing of overheads, standard nd variance costing and budgetary control. Income tax: This would encompass the nature and basis of charge of income tax, tax planning, tax deduction, incomes not taxable etc. Business finance: This would include in its scope financial analysis as a diagnostic tool, the management of working capital and its components as well as capital structure leverages. Business law: This subject would discuss the different laws in India relating to, among others, the Companies Act and the Consumer Protection Act. Programs Offer in Commerce Education S. No. Traditional Programs: Following study programs are offered by different niversity departments and colleges in India. 1 Intermediate in Commerce (Class X): This is the preliminary stage (senior secondary level) where students get basics of commerce education. This is a two year course offered by various central boards (viz. CBSE, ICSE), state boards and councils. 2 Eligibility Criteria: A candidate must have completed 15 years of age and 10 years of schooling during the time of admission for this program. 3 Under Graduate (UG) Programs: In general, B. Com. (Bachelor of Commerce) is awarded under this program. There may be two options. One can simply take up 3Com as a pass course or can take up with honours. Eligibility Criteria: A candidate must have completed 17 years of age and 12 years of schooling during the time of admission for this program. Candidate also requires fulfilling the eligibility criteria laid by the University / Institutions / Departments in which he / she seek admission. 5 Post Graduate (PG) Program: In general, M. Com. (Master of Commerce) in relevant discipline is awarded under this program. One has to choose candidate must have completed Bachelors Degree during the time of admission. He / she also require fulfilling the eligibility criteria laid by the university department in which admission is sought. Master of Philosophy (M. Phil. ): This is pre doctoral program offered by various university departments. Generally admission to this program is offered on the basis of Interview and past academic record. 8 Eligibility Criteria: This program is offered to candidates who shows research aptitude and who have good academic record. The minimum eligibility criterion for admission into this program is M.

The Quicksilver :: essays research papers

The Quicksilver One day an ancient alchemist was sitting at his and noticed a strange silvery liquid-like metal. He called several of his colleagues over to admire it. It was passed down through the years, this chemical reaction, that formed this "Quicksilver" as the alchemists called it. One day a French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier tested and proclaimed it a metal. And he named it Mercury (Hg). With strong controversy from scientists around the world, Lavoisier was never given credit until after his death.. During the late nineteenth century and early twentieth is when a significant amount of work went into developing a good use to mercury- thermometers. Before people had been developing thermometers but they were not as accurate as the ones produced around 1900. In the later twentieth century people developed a increasing "need" for pure gold and silver. European and American scientists developed a new advanced way for this- amalgams. Amalgams are alloys of mercury usually used to extract elements from there various ores. Then, once the common metal is extracted mercury is then separated through distillation. Without mercury our world would be much different. We would have different, if any, ways of determining temperature. Mercury is also used in cleaning modern day swimming pools as "Mercury Vapor lamps" for sterilization. Mercury can be used in both reconstructing and destroying life in water ways depending upon the attention people give it. We would have no fast, economical ways of cleaning large pools; no fast, economical way of controlling river clean-ups. Life in our modern day households would be much, much colder because

End of Life Peace Without Pain

End of Life: Peace without Pain Jacqueline R. Reviel Loyola University New Orleans End of Life Peace without Pain Pain management during end of life care is crucial to the comfort and peace of the patient and their family. â€Å"With better pain control, dying patients live longer and better. Pain shortens life. Relief of pain extends life† (Zerwekh et al. , 2006, p. 317). The nurse must educate about (a) disease pathology, (b) signs & symptoms, (c) interventions, (d) medications, (e) alternative therapies, and (f) supportive care, related to end of life care. Pain management involves understanding the pharmacological issues, and management issues surrounding opioid drugs used for pain control. The identification of (a) nursing diagnosis, (b) implementation, and (c) education are essential in keeping the patient and family comfortable and at peace. Pathology, Signs and Symptoms End of life presents with specific pathology which can cause extreme pain and discomfort. The body’s organs begin to shut down as death approaches hypoventilation causes hypoxemia and hypercapnia in turn increasing the workload of the heart as it tries to oxygenate the vital organs. The kidneys and liver begin to fail and toxins begin to build up. The heart fails as it can’t keep up with the demand. Zerwekh (2006) lists specific signs and symptoms associated with death (a) reduced level of consciousness, (b) taking no fluids or only sips, (c) decreased urine output, (d) progressing coldness and mottling in legs and arms, (e) irregular labored breathing; periods of no breathing, and (f) the death rattle. Diagnosis & Interventions Diagnoses related to end of life care are (a) Ineffective tissue perfusion, (b) Alteration in comfort, (c) Activity intolerance, (d) Impaired gas exchange; (e) Ineffective breathing patterns, and (f) Decreased cardiac output. Interventions are attached to each diagnosis and a plan of care is established for the patient. Interventions for alternation in comfort include (a) spiritual, (b) pharmacological, and (c) alternative methods. Ineffective tissue perfusion involves (a) positioning, (b) O2, and (c) fluid management. Activity intolerance is managed by pacing periods of activity with rest. Impaired gas exchange is managed by decreasing fluid shifts with medication. Ineffective airway clearance is helped by (a) positioning and (b) suctioning to clear the airway. Disturbed thought processes interventions are (a) reorient the patient, (b) supporting family, and (c) visitors at times when the patient is most alert. Interventions are tailored specially to the patient’s needs and their disease process. Pain management â€Å"Dying does not need to be painful† (Moynihan et al. , 2003 p. 401). Holistic pain management is crucial during end of life care. Terminally ill patients can have (a) physical, (b) spiritual and (c) emotional pain. Providing comfort is important in decreasing suffering. Emotional pain can be addressed by (a) laughter, (b) memories, and (c) touch. Spiritual pain can be helped with (a) prayer, (b) meditation, (c) talking, (d) listening, (e) pastoral care, and (f) providing the last rights. Physical pain is managed pharmacologically and with alternative comfort measures. Opioids are given to treat severe pain at the end of life. Parlow (2005) used nitrous oxide to control incident pain in terminally ill patients with positive results. Pharmacological issue related to pain management Pharmacological issues surrounding pain management are (a) issues of addiction under medication, (b) legal repercussions, (c) respiratory effects, and (d) side effects. Zerwekh (2006) sums up the fallacy of addiction by stating persons with addiction take their opioids to escape life, whereas persons with pain take their opioids to live life more fully. These issues and lack of knowledge often cause Physicians to under medicate during end of life care. The nurse needs to have full understanding of how opioids work and how to adjust the medications to control severe pain and break though pain without entering into (a) legal issues, (b) respiratory depression and (c) side effects. Complementary and alternative therapies Along with the pharmacological methods to keep the patient comfortable there are many alternative method the nurse can use and teach the family to assist with; giving the family the gift of caring for their loved one and feeling like they are helping. The patient also benefits from the touch and interaction from his or her loved ones. Therapies such as (a) massage, (b) therapeutic touch, (c) guided imagery, (d) aromatherapy, (e) hypnosis and (f) relaxation, are just a few alternative therapies used. Supportive nursing care Often when a family member is dying their loved ones do not know what to say or do and often feel helpless. While providing care for the patient the nurse engages the family in the care and breaks down the fear that they can’t touch the dying patient. The nurse encourages the family to (a) gather, (b) share, and (c) grieve. The family and patient are educated to end of life care so they know what to expect and can recognize it. By giving the family these skills it is a gift so the family has time to say goodbye and to spend the last days in peace not in fear and chaos. The nurse manages symptoms so the patient and the family can concentrate on each other. O’Brien (2011) stated one of the best ways of providing spiritual support in this situation is to allow the patient and family to verbalize their feelings; for the dying person â€Å"one of the greatest spiritual gifts† a nurse can give is to listen (Burns, 1991, p. 1). Patient & Family education Education gives the patient and the family great power and strength to face the path ahead and not be fearful of the process. Discussion around key information such as (a) the patient’s wishes, (b) spiritual care, (c) visitation, (d) pain control, (e) disease process, (f) multi organ failure, (g) specific signs and symptoms, (h) interventi ons that can be provided, (i) interventions the patient may not want, (j) comfort care, and (k) funeral arrangements, must take place with the patient and their family. Patients may believe that pain is to be expected and education informing them that comfort will bring them quality time to spend with their loved ones and to not suffer in silences is vital. Encouraging the family to (a) hold their love ones hand, (b) stroke hair, (c) massage, and (d) talk to them until they take their last breath, is all education the nurse encourages. The nurses’ role is to (a) support, (b) pray and (c) answer question that might arise. Conclusion Caring for patients as they die involves (a) a great deal of knowledge, (b) compassion, and (c) caring, on the nurse’s part. Effective pain management decreases suffering in the terminally ill patient and can make all the difference in how the patient arrives at the end of life. The nurse must be versed and comfortable with the many issues surrounding end of life care so she or he can advocate for the needs of the patient and their family. The nurse’s role in (a) educating, (b) providing spiritual care, and (c) physiological care, to the patient and their family during this very important and stressful time plays a huge part in the comfort and peace that they experience as they journey down the path of loss and grieving. References Moynihan, T. J. (2003). Use of opioids in the treatment os severe pain in terminally ill patients-Dying should not be painful. Mayo Clin Proc. , 1397-1401. O'Brien, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in nursing: Standing on holy ground. Sudbury, MA: Jones ; Barlett Learning. Parlow, J. L. (2005). Self-administered nitrous oxide for the management of incident pain in the terminally ill patient: A blind case series. Palliative Medicine, 19: 3-8. Zerwekh, J. V. (2006). Nursing care at the end of life: Palliative care for patients and families. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS NURS 384: End-of-Life Issues Paper Student: _Jackie Reviel__________________________Semester:_Fall__Year:_2011__ Directions: The purpose of this paper is to examine end-of-life issues. Write a 4-5 page paper on one of the topics that are suggested in your syllabus. Focus the paper on the care of the terminally-ill patient; education of patient and family, and supportive nursing care. Use ast least 4 references (current text and articles) for this assignment and format paper in APA style. Criteria: End-of-Life Issues Paper| Max. Points| Score| 1. Describes terminal Illness. Include pathology and signs and symptoms| 15| | 2. Identify palliative care/interventions associated with illness| 15| | 3. Address pharmacological issues related to terminal illness| 10| | 4. Address complementary and alternative therapies | 15| | 5. Describe supportive nursing care related to terminal Illness. | 15| | 6. Discuss at least 5 nursing diagnosis taken from those listed in the North American Diagnosis Association. 15| | 7. Provide key information to be discussed with patients ; families on terminal illness. | 15| | Total Comments: Faculty Signature: _______________________________Date:_______________________ LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS Evaluation of Communication Skills Student: ________________________________Semester: ____Year: _____ Skill in communication is defined as the ability to: (a) effectively express ideas through a variety of media, (b) use communication technology to enhance personal and professional functioning, and (c) use the group process for the purpose of achieving common goals. Note: Your grade on Communication Skills will comprise 10% of your final course grade. You will be rated using a scale of 0-10, where â€Å"0† indicates no credit and â€Å"10† indicates maximum credit for the item indicated. | Writing Criteria: Nursing Research Critique Paper | Score| 1. Use appropriate language and erminology. | | 2. Use correct sentence structure and paragraphing. | | 3. Use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. | | 4. Demonstrate knowledge of relevant content areas. | | 5. Express ideas clearly and convincingly. | | 6. Organize ideas logically. | | 7. Use APA format correctly. | | 8. Overall effectiveness of the written work in meeting identified goals. | | Communication Skills: Pt s earned (_____)/ 80 pts = _____% Letter Grade:____ Percent of Final Course Grade: [Pts earned (____)/ 80 pts =___%] X 10 = ____% Comments: Faculty Signature:____________________________________Date:______________

Election 2013

Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 American’s will have the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or Mitt Romney. There are three major issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are same sex marriage, abortion and healthcare. Each candidate has an opposite stance on each issue being discussed. One of the hot button issues is same sex marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which outlaws same sex marriage, and union between two men or two women.Currently ten states allow same sex marriage; five states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is supportive on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his endorsement on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesn’t support the Defe nse of Marriage Act. He has directed his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and woman and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and it’s youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unborn fetus, by choice or accident, in a woman’s womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on one’s right to live and one’s right to decide. In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, moral and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a woman’s right to decide, however now is against abortions unless rap, incest or to save a mother’s life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments involvement or influence and allows the mother to make the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on private family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is taxes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each person has to pay on revenue-generated money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, people earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he will remove taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more money for the middle class. He will also remove the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in favor of progressive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes; we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opposing views against each other. These topics can become a deal breaker for how our American people vote. Election 2013 Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 American’s will have the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or Mitt Romney. There are three major issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are same sex marriage, abortion and healthcare. Each candidate has an opposite stance on each issue being discussed. One of the hot button issues is same sex marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which outlaws same sex marriage, and union between two men or two women.Currently ten states allow same sex marriage; five states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is supportive on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his endorsement on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesn’t support the Defe nse of Marriage Act. He has directed his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and woman and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and it’s youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unborn fetus, by choice or accident, in a woman’s womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on one’s right to live and one’s right to decide. In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, moral and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a woman’s right to decide, however now is against abortions unless rap, incest or to save a mother’s life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments involvement or influence and allows the mother to make the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on private family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is taxes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each person has to pay on revenue-generated money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, people earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he will remove taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more money for the middle class. He will also remove the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in favor of progressive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes; we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opposing views against each other. These topics can become a deal breaker for how our American people vote.

Treatment Of Patients With A Dual Diagnosis Social Work Essay Essays

Treatment Of Patients With A Dual Diagnosis Social Work Essay Essays Treatment Of Patients With A Dual Diagnosis Social Work Essay Essay Treatment Of Patients With A Dual Diagnosis Social Work Essay Essay A mental wellness nurses position of the issues environing the intervention of patients with a double diagnosing of psychiatric upset and larning disablements in mainstream mental wellness units. This essay is traveling to research from a mental wellness nurses perspective the issues environing the intervention of patients with a double diagnosing of psychiatric upset and larning disablements in mainstream mental wellness units. Including a treatment around prevalence, proviso of services, entree to services, authorities policy and whether staff in mainstream mental wellness units have the cognition and accomplishments necessary to supply effectual attention for this potentially vulnerable service user group. The modern-day construct of larning disablements focuses on the physical and societal troubles that can happen as a effect of being labelled a individual with a learning disablement and how any damages a individual may hold impact them ( Swain et al, 2004 ) nevertheless it neglects to place the mental wellness issues people with larning disablements on a regular basis and more normally face If people who meet the diagnostic standards for boundary line acquisition disablement are included the prevalence of larning disablements in the UK equates to 12 % of the population or around 8 million people ( Hassiotis et al, 2008 ) It is by and large recognised that people with a larning disablement have a higher rate of psychiatric upset compared with the general population with the prevalence estimated at 40 50 % ( Raghavan and Patel, 2005 ) . In comparing to 10 20 % of the general population ( The Office for National Statistics, 2000 ) Assorted factors have been cited as being conducive towards this exposure including encephalon harm, centripetal damage, chronic physical ailment wellness, epilepsy, repeated loss or separation issues, hapless self-image, get bying mechanisms and societal accomplishments, communicating troubles and household jobs ( Fraser A ; Nolan 1995, Hardy et Al, 2007 ) Mental wellness nurses are specifically trained to handle a diverse group of people including kids and immature people, working age grownups, the aged and new female parents all with mental wellness jobs. Experiences from clinical pattern demonstrate an addition in the figure of people with larning disablements admitted to general acute mental wellness infirmaries and the increasing incidence of complications that can frequently come along with the attention of this group of people. These include jobs with appraisal and intervention, normally stemming from communicating troubles, behavioral issues and barriers to collaborative working between the acquisition disablements and mental wellness squads. They can frequently take to an addition in length of stay in infirmary and inappropriate or unequal attention being delivered. Problems arise for the most portion when a individual with a learning disablement develops a psychiatric upset to the extent that requires acute psychiatric admittance. It is now more common to happen that they are being admitted to general psychiatric beds under the attention of general grownup head-shrinkers and mental wellness nurses, many of whom have had small preparation in the appraisal and intervention of mental unwellness in this group. The communicating troubles people with a learning disablement may confront can do assessment highly complex. Peoples with larning disablements frequently require a longer stay and may besides be vulnerable ( i.e. Abuse and development ) without extra support on the ward. Peoples with a learning disablement may besides hold unusual presentations of common mental upsets due to encephalon hurt or other long standing conditions such as epilepsy taking to trouble in diagnosing and an idiosyncratic response to intervention. Furthermore, people with larning disablements represent a diverse group with a varied scope of complex mental wellness demands, which mainstream staff may experience ill-equipped to run into. Boundary disputes between general grownup and larning disablement services often lead to a decreased quality of attention for people with complex demands Death by Indifference ( Mencap, 2007 ) highlighted alleged attention weaknesss in general infirmaries and primary attention scenes It led to the constitution of an independent authorities enquiry in England. The enquiry unluckily did non widen to mental wellness services It found that there is small grounds refering the quality of attention received by people with larning disablements in these scenes but anecdotal grounds from pattern has indicated that it is sensible to believe mental wellness services face the same sort of jobs as general medical attention. It seems pertinent to undertake these issues head on in order to run into the demands of this client group who have a diverse scope of demands that can cross across all subdivisions of nursing and whose attention can endure as they seem to be on a regular basis forgotten or pushed to the underside of the heap Until 20 old ages ago, people with larning disablements did non usually come into contact with mainstream services. Most people with a learning disablement who had complex demands including mental unwellness, were cared for in specialist mental disability infirmaries, and all medical and psychiatric attention was provided on site. Deinstitutionalisation has transformed their attention and now this group can populate in the community and entree mainstream wellness services, irrespective of the grade of their disablements. This procedure has been guided by the rule of standardization since the early 1970s, which is a doctrine that remains influential today. Standardization represents a cardinal statement of human rights saying that forms of life and mundane life which are every bit near as possible to the regular fortunes of society should be made available to all mentally sick and larning handicapped people ( Nirje, 1976 ) . Closely associated with the principal of standardization is the construct of mainstreaming, which advocates the usage of criterion instead than specialised services, for illustration, schools, Employment and wellness attention it is now a steadfastly established rule and characteristics to a great extent in authorities policy which supports the usage of mainstream services and the question of the acquisition disabled population back into society but besides recognises the demand in some instances for specializer services. ( The Department of Health, 1992 ) stated that: wherever possible people with larning disablements should be enabled to utilize ordinary wellness services every bit good as specialist appraisal and intervention services . Advocates of standardization by and large back up the mainstream attack ; they may reason that specialized services lead to labelling, stigmatization and negative professional attitudes. The statement for this attack at first glimpse appears sound and is supported widely by literature. It is, for illustration, current policy in the UK and USA. However, in pattern mainstream community mental wellness and inmate squads have found it progressively hard to run into the demands of people with larning disablements and psychiatric upsets ( US Public Health Service, 2002 ) . Each of the four United kingdom states has its ain policy construction turn toing how the demands of people with larning disablements should be met in a mental wellness environment. England s policy is set out in the undermentioned studies. Valuing Peoples: A new scheme for larning disablement in the twenty-first century ( Department of wellness, 2001 ) , Health Services for Peoples with Learning Disabilities ( Department of Health, 1992 ) and Mental Health: National Service Framework, ( Department of Health, 1999 ) , The common subjects and issues that underpin this policy construction, include: advancing collaborative working between mainstream mental wellness services and specialist acquisition disablement services ; leting people with larning disablements to entree mainstream mental wellness services wherever possible but making little specializer inmate services for those whose demands can non be met by mainstream services, implementing a changing function for specializer larnin g disablement services to supplying support and facilitation for mainstream services including supplying mainstream mental wellness and attention staff with equal preparation on the demands of people with learning disablement ; using a attention programme attack for people with learning disablement and mental wellness jobs and making mental wellness publicity stuffs which are made accessible for people with a learning disablement. Advice is available to assist care suppliers and staff support people with larning disablements in accessing mainstream mental wellness attention scenes ( Hardy et al, 2006 ) . The Green light toolkit ( Foundation for People with larning disablements et Al, 2004 ) is one illustration of a counsel papers that demonstrates how policy construction and specific policies are being implemented in pattern. It is used throughout England as an audit tool to mensurate how the National Service Framework for mental wellness ( Department of Health, 1999 ) is being implemented for people with learning disablements. The toolkit provides a gilded criterion that can be used by local mainstream mental wellness services to mensurate services against. It offers a traffic visible radiation hiting system and provides counsel on how services can be improved, covering countries such as local partnerships, planning, accessing services, attention planning and work force planning. After a green light toolkit a ppraisal, each local country should develop an betterment program from the action points identified and have a clip frame to implement the necessary alterations. Anecdotal grounds from observations in pattern suggest that the green light tool kit is still being used in pattern today but similar countries for betterment are identified clip and clip once more such as entree to wellness promotional stuffs in apprehensible formats. This would propose that although appraisals of services are being undertaken the results of these appraisals and action points are non being carried frontward into pattern. The Disability Rights Commission ( Disability rights committee, 2006 ) supports this position by stating that old counsel paperss intended to assist people with larning disablements gain entree to mainstream wellness services have had limited consequence. A working group from the royal montage of head-shrinkers ( Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1996 ) acknowledged that enabling people with larning disablements to entree mainstream mental wellness services can be a complex and demanding undertaking necessitating input from specializers in the psychopathology of larning disablement. To react to this statement they have advocated two rules for the mental wellness nursing of people with larning disablements: joint working between mental wellness and larning disablement squads with the usage of Mainstream psychiatric installations at every possible chance every bit good as emphasizing that commissariats for specializer services are still to be available if needed. The independent authorities enquiry instigated by Death by Indifference ( Mencap, 2007 ) , while non widening to mental wellness services, promoted research into the experiences reported by people with larning disablements of acute mental wellness units. This provides a assorted image. The negative experiences are similar to concerns expressed by other patients. These include: deficiency of control and information ; larceny of belongings ; intimidating multi disciplinary meetings ; hapless nutrient and hapless attention. However the presence of larning disablements may change their significance for illustration, service users with larning disablements may happen it harder to understand information about their admittance and intervention, unless it is shared in a format which is appropriate to their cognitive and communicating accomplishments. Psychotropic medicine may farther impair already hapless cognitive operation and may stand for an extra restriction on persons capacity to und erstand and take an active portion in their intervention. Relatives and paid carers are likely to hold a much more important and long-standing function in back uping the service user than would be the instance with other grownups with mental wellness jobs, Often a individual with a acquisition disablement has specific modus operandis that merely person near like a carer would cognize and following these modus operandis can do nursing them much easier. this is something to which mainstream services in peculiar seem to pay small attending. Not emphasizing engagement with carers in peculiar with a client from this group can take to either a deficiency of support for carers or carers experiencing pushed away by services and left without a function which in itself can take to the presentation of depression and low temper in the carer. ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) Finally, the hazard that marks and symptoms of mental wellness jobs will be misattributed to a individual s acquisition disableme nt ( diagnostic overshadowing ) is specific to this group. These issues need to be considered by practicians nevertheless, grounds indicates that healthcare professionals frequently lack the cognition, accomplishments and experience necessary to run into the health care needs of people with learning disablements. ( Fraser, 1999 ) The Royal College of Nursing ( Royal College of Nursing, 2008 ) commented that the recent development of an outlook of the mainstream mental wellness services to react to the demands of the bulk of people with larning disablements and co-morbid mental unwellness has frequently proved an unrealistic end for the mental wellness nurse. It has been proven that particular expertness and preparation every bit good as the usage of specialist mental wellness squads are required for the appraisal, diagnosing and intervention of mental unwellness in the acquisition handicapped population. Although it is theoretically possible to develop staff in mainstream scenes, the little figure of instances gives small chance for staff in the assorted subjects to derive the necessary accomplishments. Additionally, mainstream mental wellness staff frequently feel that caring for this group of vulnerable people is non portion of their function, and the resources of big mental wellness services are already stretched ( Day, 1988 ) . The support deductions that arose from such a monolithic displacement in service duty that came out of the execution of the mainstreaming attack neer seem to hold been adequately addressed ( Bouras et al, 1995 ) Collaborative working between professional groups in health care is critical across the board for bettering criterions of attention for patients and their carers ( Pollard,2004 ) . In relation to this professional competitions between mental wellness and larning disablements squads are common and the apprehension of each other s function is hapless taking to chiefly uneffective collaborative working ( Bouras et al, 1995 ) There has besides been no evident or unequivocal dialogue between the two service squads in the UK to develop clear local operational policies or service understandings and merely obscure definitions of who is entitled to entree which service exist, which can sometimes take to a patient having inappropriate intervention, being bounced between services or, in rare instances, even being denied attention wholly as neither squad is willing to take duty for that patients attention. Distinguishing between psychiatric upsets and behavioral issues in people with larning disablements is non ever a straightforward procedure. Both empirical and conceptual issues associating to the nature of such behavioral upsets question both the cogency and dependability of a diagnosing of mental unwellness in a individual who has a learning disablement ( Krose et Al, 2000 ) This raises the inquiry what does a nurse dainty foremost? As with double diagnosing of a drug dependence and mental unwellness, in many instances the drug job needs to be tackled foremost before the full extent of the mental unwellness can be seen ( Drake,2007 ) .However, with a learning disablement this is non a possibility as a acquisition disablement is a long standing status that can non be treated. The inquiry is hence, is the behavior being exhibited by a patient due to their mental wellness jobs or the learning disablement? When a individual with a acquisition disablement requires admittance to hospital due to a psychiatric unwellness, the first aim is to hold on whether the general or learning disablement head-shrinker acts as the responsible clinician. The admittance of a individual with larning disablement frequently happens as a last resort in response to an exigency that can non be managed elsewhere such as in the community or via the usage or reprieve services. The community larning disablement squad should be able to offer some preparation to nursing staff or even transport out specific pieces of work straight with the patient. The allotment of a named nurse is highly of import and, if available, person with particular accomplishments or involvement should be appointed in order to develop a more effectual curative confederation with the patient. The increased exposure of people with larning disablements to mistreat even during admittance should be considered and protection from this possible hazard given. This may necessitate to be in the signifier of separation from high-risk patients or an increased degree of nursing observation such as is policy with under 18s admitted to adult acute psychiatric units. In all instances, the importance of coaction with the acquisition disablement squad should be stressed. This becomes peculiarly of import during discharge planning. In the scenario of an admittance under a Mental Health Section, people with learning disablement and mental wellness jobs are entitled to all the commissariats of the Care Programme Approach and Section 117 after-care. It is besides indispensable that mental wellness nurses have a good working cognition of mental wellness jurisprudence and statute law. Experiences from clinical pattern have demonstrated that frequently mental wellness statute law is misused or disregarded for people with co morbid acquisition disablements which denies them the precautions and protection of the jurisprudence that statute law such as the mental wellness act was designed to set in topographic point ( Mental Health Act, 1983 ) . The relevant statute law should be applied to this group of people if and when it is appropriate to make so and the same classs of detainment used as for other persons sing mental sick wellness. Although it is of import to observe that a individual with a learning disablement can still be sectioned if it is deemed they behave abnormally sharply or earnestly irresponsibly, without any marks of mental unwellness it is hence of import to find that that there be existent mental wellness jobs presen t if a individual is admitted under subdivision to a mainstream mental wellness infirmary. Assessment is a specific portion of the nursing procedure where mental wellness nurses can fight when covering with people with larning disablements For illustration, The Mental State Examination, which constitutes an indispensable constituent of the preparation procedure and is indispensable for measuring hazard and explicating a intervention program, may be debatable. This could be for a figure of grounds, including high rates of conformity or an avidity to delight in certain interview state of affairss ( Sigelman et al, 1982 ) . Moss argues that people with learning disablements are besides less likely to kick or near members of staff to inquire for aid which may farther perplex the Assessment and hazard direction procedure. ( Moss,1999 ) Simple linguistic communication and direct oppugning including communicating and in depth treatment with carers could be a manner to get the better of this trouble. Higher degrees of nursing observation may besides be utile, non merely in guarant ing a individual s safety on the ward but besides in giving critical information sing a individual s mental province ( Appleby,1999 ) ( Gibson, 2007 ) highlighted some cardinal factors that nurses without specialist preparation may happen complicate effectual appraisal and intercession The two chief factors that affect mental wellness nurses are: rational deformation, which may ensue from cognitive shortages in countries such as memory and concentration which can do comprehension and communicating of ideas and feelings hard ; and Cognitive decomposition, which can happen in state of affairss where the individual is overwhelmed by the anxiousness of the demands being placed on them, ensuing in an inability to soldierly ideas and bizarre behavior Communication is cardinal to doing a sound and accurate appraisal. It is estimated that upwards of 50 % of people with larning disablements have important communicating troubles ( Matson, 1998 ) A nurse demands to turn to the peculiar communicating demands of each person as each will change in their abilities, This is another point in which collaborative working becomes really of import as if the individual is involved with a acquisition disablements squad, that squad may be able to supply the nurse with accurate information about the degrees of a individual s communicating and how best to pull off these issues. Many of the jobs in relation to direction of people with larning disablement by mental wellness nurses relate to the deficiency of cognition accomplishments and preparation ( Lennox A ; Chaplin, 1995 ) . Evidence suggests that qualified nurses on a regular basis feel out of their deepness and unsupported when covering with this client group and observations in pattern indicate a certain sum of turning away tactics from mental wellness nurses when it comes to volunteering for the named nurse axial rotation which could be due to a deficiency of assurance in this country. The current pre-registration nurse instruction programme for mental wellness nurses was originally validated by the English National Board ( English National Board,2000 ) , and the course of study follows the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Fitness For Practice Guidelines ( United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting,1999 ) , which states that pupils set abouting pre-registration programmes must hold certain other fortes included. However, larning disablement, as either a practical or theoretical constituent of the subdivision programme, is non one of them. With authorities policy ( Department of Health, 2001 ) saying that people with larning disablements should wherever possible entree generic services, there would look to be the demand for a more specific and in-depth attack to larning disablement instruction for all pupils throughout their pre-registration instruction. Experiences from local preregistration nurse instruction show that presently nursing instruction provides a 12- month common foundation programme for nurses who intend to develop in all countries of nursing including Adult, Mental wellness, Midwifery, kid and learning disablement nursing. Although non required by the NM, Learning disablement theory is taught but arrangements in this country are non common. After common foundation period of preparation, pupil nurse instruction in mental wellness has little or no farther chances to derive learning disablement experience. Comparisons with larning disablements mental wellness can be made to both kid and adolescent mental wellness, every bit good as to older people s psychopathology in that they are both specialist groups with their ain issues and mental wellness nurses are expected to analyze these client groups in item during their subdivision preparation in order to go familiar with the complexnesss of this type of mental wellness nursing. As these countries are compulsory fortes in order to run into the demands of making as a mental wellness nurse ( English National Board, 2000 ) and, coupled with the authorities s policy for people with larning disablements to entree generic mental wellness services, it would look indispensable that mental wellness nurses address the forte of people who have larning disablements and extra mental wellness jobs during their pre-registration instruction as they do with other specific patient groups. Many senior mental wellness nurses have received no larning disablement preparation at all. This deficiency of preparation may ensue in jobs with communicating and apprehension, every bit good as negative attitudes toward people with learning disablement. On the impudent side, nurses in larning disablement have likewise limited preparation in the country of mental wellness, although there are freshly available post-registration classs. One such class gives an experient nurse from either ramify a six month endorsement to the other nursing subject which is backed up by 2 faculties of theory. Anecdotal grounds gained from talking to a mental wellness nurse who has late completed this class has shown that general nursing accomplishments that every nurse should be competent in upon making can be transferred across the board to other subdivisions of nursing. The feeling of this nurse is that presently, mental wellness mainstream services see merely those with mild or marginal learning disa blements coming into the service and the appraisal and intervention procedure for these people is non much different to that of non larning handicapped people. Currently specializer services provide the bulk of attention for the patients with more complex demands. ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) In decision the grounds presented in this essay suggests a figure of issues that need to be addressed if mental wellness nurses are to run into the demands of their clients with a carbon monoxide morbid larning disablement efficaciously. There are: pre and Post enrollment preparation for mental wellness nurses, collaborative working between the mental wellness and larning disablement squads and proviso and entree to services. It seems that specializer larning disablement in-patient units with a mental wellness focal point offer a more positive experience for the patient than mainstream mental wellness units, and hence should be developed farther ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) . However, realistically mainstream services are extremely likely to go on to supply attention for this group, if merely because of the resource restrictions in specializer services and the fact that 30 % of NHS trusts provide no specializer admittance installations ( Bailey A ; Cooper, 1997 ) . There seems a demand now for major alterations to be made to the constructions and daily patterns in these services. Such alterations should include enterprises to advance more positive attitudes and behavior towards persons with acquisition disablements through preparation and regular input from specializer larning disablements services. Closer attending must be paid to the demand to do information about diagnosing and interventions accessible, in media such as cusps utilizing simple linguistic communication pictures and audio information ( Forster et al, 2001 ) and the demand for stronger engagement of and co-operation with service users regular carers. Current pattern experience has shown nevertheless that in the most portion mental wellness services in this country merely seem to come into contact with patients who have a boundary line or mild learning disablement as there is a big supply of specializer beds. Currently merely in rare instances would mainstream mental wellness units be acknowledging a individual with terrible or profound acquisition disablements whereby little changes to pattern and movable nursing accomplishments would non be plenty to give that patient the best attention available. Referances Appleby L ( 1999 ) National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by Peoples with Mental Illness. Department of Health Bailey NM A ; Cooper SA ( 1997 ) The current proviso of specializer wellness services to people with larning disablements in England and Wales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41 52-9. Bouras, N. , Holt, G. A ; Gravestock, S. ( 1995 ) Community attention for people with larning disablements: shortages and future programs. Psychiatric bulletin, 19, 134-137. Day, K. ( 1988 ) Services for psychiatrically disordered mentally disabled grownups. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 14,19-25. Department of Health ( 2001 ) Valuing Peoples: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the twenty-first Century. The Stationery Office, London. Department of Health ( 1999 ) mental wellness: national service model, The Stationery Office, London. Department of Health ( 1992 ) Health Services for Peoples with Learning Disabilities ( Mental Handicap ) . HSG ( 92 ) 42. London: Department of Health. Disability Rights Commission ( 2006 ) Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap. Final Report of a Formal Investigation into Health Inequalities. DRC, London. Drake, R E, 2007. Double diagnosing of major mental unwellness and substance upset: An overview. New Directions for Mental Health Services, [ Online ] . 50, 3-12. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/yd.23319915003/abstract [ Accessed 20 November 2010 ] . English National Board ( ENB ) ( 2000 ) Education in Focus. Strengthening Pre-registration Nursing and Midwifery Education.Curriculum Guidence. Part 13 of the Professional Register. ENB, London. Forster M, Wilkie B, Strydom A, Edwards C A ; Hall I ( 2001 ) Medication Information Leaflets. London: Elfrida Press. Foundation for people with larning disablements, valuing people support squad and national institute for mental wellness in England ( 2004 ) Green visible radiation: how good are your mental wellness services for people with larning disablements? A service betterment toolkit, London: Foundation for people with larning disablements Fraser, B. ( 1999 ) Psychopharmacology and people with learning disablement. Progresss in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 471-477. Fraser W. A ; Nolan M. ( 1995 ) Psychiatric upsets in mental deceleration. In: Mental Health in Mental Retardation ; Recent Advances and Practices ( ed Bouras, N. ) , pp. 79-92. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gibson, T, 2007. Peoples with larning disablements in mental wellness scenes. Mental Health Practice, 12/7, 30-33. Hardy S, Chaplin E, Woodward P ( 2007 ) Mental Health Nursing of Adults with Learning Disabilities. Royal College of Nursing, London. Hardy S, Woodward P, Woolard P et Al ( 2006 ) Meeting the Health Needs of People with Learning Disabilities. Royal College of Nursing, London. Hassiotis A, Strydom A, Hall I et al ( 2008 ) Psychiatric morbidity and societal operation among grownups with marginal intelligence life in private families. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 52, 2, 95-1-6. Krose B. , Dewhurst D. A ; Holmes G. ( 2000 ) Diagnosis and drugs: aid or hindrance when people with larning disablements have psychological jobs? British Journal of Learning Disabilities 29, 26-33. Lennox, N. A ; Chaplin, R. H. ( 1995 ) . Intellectual disablement: the positions of psychiatric trainees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 632-637. Matson, JL. and Bamburg, J. dependability of the appraisal of double diagnosing ( ADD ) , research in developmental disablements 20,89-95 Mencap ( 2007 ) Death by Indifference. Mencap, London. Moss S. ( 1999 ) Appraisal of mental wellness jobs. Tizard Learning Disability Review 42, 14-19. Government of England ( 1983 ) The Mental Health Act. Stationary Office, London. Nirje, B. ( 1976 ) The standardization rule and its human direction deductions. In Normalisation, Social Integration and Community Services ( eds R. J. Flynn A ; K. E. Nitsch ) . Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. Pollard, KC, 2004. Collaborative acquisition for collaborative working? Initial findings from a longitudinal survey of wellness and societal attention pupils. Health A ; Social Care in the Community, 12,4, 346-358. Raghavan R, Patel P ( 2005 ) Learning Disabilities and Mental Health. A Nursing Perspective. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Royal Collage Of Nursing, 2008.A Mental wellness nursing of grownups with larning disablements: RCN GuidelinesA . London: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustA Royal College of Psychiatrists ( 1996 ) Meeting the Mental Health Needs of People with Learning Disability. Council Report CR56. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Scior K, Longo S ( 2005 ) Inpatient psychiatric attention: what can we larn from people with larning disablements and their carers? Learning Disability Review. 10, 3, 22-33. Sigelman C.K. , Budd E.C. , Winer J.L. , et Al. ( 1982 ) Measuring alternate techniques of oppugning mentally retarded individuals. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 86, 511-518. Swain J, French S, Barnes C et Al ( 2004 ) Disabling Barriers, Enabling Environments. Second edition. Sage, London. The Office for National Statistics. 2000.A Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults populating in Private Households. [ ONLINE ] Available at: A lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/ psychmorb_sumrep.pdf gt ; . [ Accessed 16 November 2010 ] United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting ( 1999 ) Fitness for Practice the Report of the UKCC Commission for Nursing and Midwifery Education. UKCC, London. US Public Health Service ( 2002 ) Closing the Gap: A National Blueprint for Bettering the Health of Individuals with Mental Retardation. Report of the Surgeon General s Conference on Health Disparities and Mental Retardation. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

The Definition of BRIC and BRICS

The Definition of BRIC and BRICS BRIC is an acronym that refers to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, which are seen as major developing economies in the world. According to Forbes, The general consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a Goldman Sachs report from 2003, which speculated that by 2050 these four economies would be wealthier than most of the current major economic powers. In March 2012, South Africa appeared to join BRIC, which thus became BRICS. At that time, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa met in India to discuss the formation of a development bank to pool resources. At that point, the BRIC countries were responsible for about 18% of the worlds Gross Domestic Product and were home to 40% of the earths population. It would appear that Mexico (part of BRIMC) and South Korea (part of BRICK) was not included in the discussion. Pronunciation: Brick Also Known As: BRIMC - Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, and China. The BRICS countries include more than 40% of the worlds population and occupy over a quarter of the worlds land area. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa together are a powerful economic force.

Human Service Program and profession Unit 2 Project Research Paper

Human Service Program and profession Unit 2 Project - Research Paper Example The requirements of a senior consultant job are: four years of relevant consulting or a public sector state government consulting experience. The importance of experience is to ensure that each client gets professional strategic advice on the best possible way to conquer their tests and meet their target as the consultant fully understands the client’s needs. The senior consultant will be required to have two years exposure to leading teams. This ensures that the consultant is familiar with this field of work. The consultant should be willing to travel at almost any time. This ensures availability and flexibility of the consultant to the client’s needs. Consultant will also be needed to have 2 years experience in business mapping, design and process analysis. This is because each client has their own unique demands and therefore the consultant should be creative enough to suit the client’s needs. The last requirement will be 2 years of performing conceptual and t echnical designs. Familiarity of the senior consultant to these designs will enable clients to get professional help. My other job is titled Integrated Eligibility (Health and Human Services) Manager. This job entails the manager leading and delivering the clients engagements which identify, design, and apply creative technology and business solutions for bigger companies. The requirements of being a manager are: at least 6 years industry and consulting experience. This is to ensure that the managers posses proper problem solving skills and have the capacity to make mature judgments. Good written and oral communication skills and presentation skills are also needed. This is because they will be required to participate in information activities and research proposal activities. A Bachelor’s Degree in public policy will be needed. This is to ensure there is the application of quality standards in project delivery artifacts. Managers

The effects of energy drinks on the body Research Paper

The effects of energy drinks on the body - Research Paper Example The manufacturing companies portray the energy drinks as youthful, fun, and harmless. However, the effects of energy drinks vary among people depending on age, body activity and the ingredients therein. Some of the effects are good while others are harmful. This paper will analyze the effects of energy drinks on the body. Biologically, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system hence creating more awareness and activity. However, the large concentrations of caffeine and taurine in energy drinks have possible effects on human brain and low body immunity. It also causes breast shrinkage in females and some allergic reactions such as rashes. The high concentrations also cause stomach pain, nausea, dehydration, insomnia, low athletic performance, and anxiety. Ingredients of an energy drink can be addictive in the end, which causes headaches and irritation. Energy drink’s ingredients especially caffeine affect the heartbeat and blood pressure because of the stimulation they cause to the nervous system. Carnitine and Guarana, lead to weight loss and increased metabolism. Calorie and high sugar may otherwise lead to weight gain. Sugars increase the risk of diabetes and teeth cavities while caffeine weakens bones. Energy drinks when mixed with alcohol leads to dehydration (Reifeiss, 2011). High am ounts of caffeine in the energy drinks increase the risk of miscarriage, delivery of low-weight babies and difficulties during birth in pregnant women. The dehydration caused by energy drinks is harmful when combined with exercises among sportsmen (Health and wellbeing, 2010). Taurine, which is also contained in the energy drinks, helps in regulating heartbeat, energy levels, mild inhibitory neurotransmission, and muscle contractions. Vitamins B contained in energy drinks helps in converting sugars to energy in the body. Ginkgo Biloba helps in circulation, concentration, and memory retention. However, it has side effects like dizziness and