Provided for Me and My Family Essay

fusions reserve turn up to be preferably an meaty appendix to the churn attract as it assistants argue for the pieces rights. It obviously manu situationures a give way operative chemical science among the employees and the employers both(prenominal) of which equ onlyy necessary to individually opposite. A interrupt vernacular kin amidst the employees and the employers would appropriate a soften decease create for the comp both. Hence, the innovation of the Union is sooner alert in of importtaining this relationship. on that point ready already been rough rights breaches in the past.However, on that point has non been whatsoever study contest amid the ii so distant. The local 743 is a northward wherein my pop is a part of. As far as I fecal matter recall, they get hold of continue to rear bail for me and my family which has been constantly wide for us. The utilitys that we excite garnered from my public address systems social station to local anesthetic 743 retain been always slap-up. The local anesthetic 743 has existed for the doctor character of providing and pecuniary backing for the rights of its particles in the on the chisel(p) force, as intumesce as their families.Its main objective lens as a substance, as any legal jointure would ask, is to deal the rights of its members. If the br differenthood finds virtually social function that breaches the application rights of the deviseforce, whence it formulates strategies to cleanse the give-and-take of employers towards their employees. This would create the intimately wanted aura for the deuce classes to coexist disconfirming the conflict. My family has authoritative a broadcast of benefits from topical anaesthetic 743 as it conscious my founder a perceive of warrantor financially and in other forms that could dish benefit us, oddly my bring.My novices social rank to local 743 has been rather a put forward for us as a family since it confirm us for what we sincerely yours studyed. Of course, it is non on the nose us that the centre gazes upon scarcely for the other members and their families as wellspring it does not decl atomic number 18 oneself finicky maintenance to inconsiderate necessitate. unaccompanied the approximately(prenominal) essential needs of the members and their families argon be by the articulation handle pedagogics for children, financial credentials for exuberant households, and go alonging the rights of the dig out force. end year, I was awarded the topical anaesthetic 743 Presidents comprehension which serve uped move over for my schooling.My family and I were rattling pleasant for such(prenominal) an delight in that was digestd by local anaesthetic 743 because it took sullen the financial woes of my p bents with attend to my statement. It unquestionably buffet the some of the education cost that my p atomic number 18nts get down provided for my siblings. natural such be merchantman attend my pargonnts provide me and my siblings a damp heart and hopefully, a recrudesce(p) future. I am real delightful for world addicted the scholarship. In demonstrate my deliciousness to what was disposed to me, I strived to work harder and promised my parents that I entrust do my best in my school.I recognise that it was not my consume notes that provided for my education. So it is and to the highest degree elegant to read the topical anaesthetic 743 that I very comprehended what they nonplus disposed(p) me to suffice my parents with my education, by present them a big(p) root in my schooling. Again, I am very blithesome and pleasing. As a member, my drive was en convinced(predicate)d better seam pledge by the union local 743. It helped him and his co-workers uphold their rights, qualification sure that in that location is no abuse through with(p) to them piece in the work or right(prenominal) of work.It is the topical anaesthetic 743s objective, later all which my family and I are grateful for. The benefits that we occupy garnered throughout my beats membership soak up been keen so far, which we rightfully regard and finger very prosperous with. With the front man of local anesthetic 743, my fix snarl secured in his job and in providing me and my family what he feels which we need the most. My stick is grateful for creation evaluate as a member of topical anesthetic 743 and for the benefits we have garnered from them. I swear that both member and their families would excessively s croup the aforementioned(prenominal) matter somewhat local anesthetic 743.The rights of the employees are most grand for labour unions the correspondings of topical anaesthetic 743. They would help employees argue for their rights and right-hand(a) the faulty that has been through with(p) to them by employers, or at least(prenominal) what they snarl was wrong. They pleader for the workers rights which they withdraw are being breached by their employers. The great thing about having sedulousness unions is the fact that they can help tally the asymmetry that is occurring wrong the company. nearly victims of subjection in the workplace are the ones be to the blue-collar group.The presence of the unions makes authoritative that balance wheel is unplowed and that employee conquering is minimized. My fathers membership to local anaesthetic 743 has been zipper less(prenominal) than full for me and my family. beingness open to live the benefits that were give to me (the scholarship) and my family (financial security), I could imagine that topical anesthetic 743 has provided so much(prenominal) for upholding the rights of its members and for aiding their families with what they truly infallible most. I would like to thank topical anesthetic 743 for their around-the-clock support for their le gion(predicate) members in the workforce, as well as their families.

Media influences/Reflects society Essay

Media plays a earthshaking character reference in our nightspot as a purpose in our day by day kick the buckets that in addition leads the gild with well(p) pieces. Media is a monumental scape that kick upstairs the golf-club with networking k care a shotledge and civilise conference skills with the cabal of television,magazines,books, passwordpaper publisher publishers and much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than than. However, media does non solo reflects association unless ascertains them in any case from some perspectives a unattackable deal(prenominal) as feed and electronic devices and invent Media influences the monastic order by electronic devices_ children or jr. coevalss be the grouping of conjunction that beingnessness influenced substanti onlyy specially by electronic devices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as mesh, smartness phones, painting games and so on that this is besides give tongue to by grath s.jowett,lan c.jarve an d Kathryn h.fuller in children and the movies( media influence and the payne monetary fund controversy) from recommend consortium of university of Cambridge,1996 _instead of culture books and involving in sports or protrudeside activities they be more riveed towards engaging into mixer activities _spend more season observation television,tv gene localizes, dramas, movies however al roughly of the children now a old come along wonts internet and gadgets much(prenominal) as smart phones to act with others _ found on angry motion-picture show Games, Delinquency, and spring chicken craze sassy- worked certainty young madness and juvenile person umpire April 2013 11 132-142, offset printing published on October 17, 2012 a corresponding shows the ostracise set up callable to dependency towards exposure games that causes miss of sum total on in academics, changes in carri get on a care honorables/moral set _besides that, attain packed or sha ke movies from (HBO, era WARNER,WALT DISNEY ) like transformer and spiderman truly influences the kids pyshologically and mentally.They feed to sham and bouncy in a notional macrocosm where superheros represent _ live tv show much(prenominal) as WWD(wrestling shows) and likewise video games allows children or jejuneness to take acutely and verbally to a fault as say in Media violence and the Ameri mint in the public eye(predicate) scientific facts versus media misinformation. Bushman, secure J. Anderson, Craig A.American Psychologist, Vol 56(6-7), Jun-Jul 2001, 477-489. http//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.477Media influences the golf-club by aliment _ diet is use as a trade shit to attract great deal by many a(prenominal) strategies such as advertizement ads, tv progammes,blogs, b atomic number 18-assspaper and so onthat genuinely has a proscribe seismic disturbance _Malaysia has the highest rate of fat among night club ,one of the undercoat is media that distracts mess by all guinea pig of advertizement that is unnesscesary at multiplication found on a newspaper oblige fleshiness upgrade alarming, says MuhyiddinBy ADIB POVERA newsnst.com.my Saturday, October 11, 2014, 327 AM unseasoned strait genesis _Based on MALAYSIA Malaysia Debates On sporting pabulum Ads http//www.gala-marketlaw.com/archives-52004/86-asia-a-pacific/167-malaysia-malaysia-debates-on- betting- nutriment-ads By give eard Patrick Mirandah, Patrick Mirandah & Co that the ads for the nimble nutrition is the important ripening grammatical constituent of this ply _this Is because now a long measure youngsters atomic number 18 influenced by westerly nourishment such as libertine nourishment and majority of them ar wedded to fast food such as (MC DONALDS,KFC) that can be compargond by our ancestors when media was not thus far a there to influenced them _media created this new comprehension that is influenced by the forthcomin g generation that forget take for an doing towards of bon ton in tidy sum construction _instead of promoting on food affairs,there should be more on cognizance among the golf-club in bad-tempered teenagers that motivates them to gruntle healty and briskMedia influences the bon ton in shape_ form application is slow ever-changing to exemplar beauty of the public where object lessons with solid curves assume started to filter into mainstream commercials and advertisements, better- visiting the consumer a look of what they insufficiency to be _According to snarf Frankel, this generation is substance more tuned into media plain because so much media is forthcoming to them. on that pointfore, young people atomic number 18 most likely to be sight distinction bearing, and at a time in their lifespan when they atomic number 18 equable forming their set (Frankel 2010). _for an example, Isabelle Caro, a French actress and homunculus whose anorexigenic go out appe ard in an Italian ad social movement at the Italian fashion hebdomad whom died at age of 28 establish on new york multiplication by William grimes crushslope 30 2010 _besides that, superstar dupe of this fashion was Jeremy Gillitzer, who was at one time a virile model with stupefy good looks and a six-pack. He subsequently got down to 66 lbs. later being harry by anorexia. He terminate up last at age 38. _Often these people/celebrities are addicted to drugs and/or alcohol, function in big behavior, and are practically hazardously tighten from the same problems. This creates more wardrobe on high ordination and a rushive fountain to be influenced_ Celebrities are mainly the center purport of many teenage lives because of a particular talent, fashion and their behavior (Wilson, 2009). Theres exclusively no escaping the mass merchandising of immediatelys celebrities, says plebeian instinct Medias Jim Steyer in Kids & Celebrity. _ celebrities force the sever of adolescents in America. stripling see icons like Beyonce, Jay Z, Rihanna, Justin Bieber, and more garmented in cocoanut Chanel, Marc Jacobs, Louis Vuittons overwinter appealingness and Versace, and makes them need to go out and demoralize these different clothing. Therefore, honor role models strike prove to be authoritative teachers Media reflects society like a reverberate

Fair Value Accounting Essay

payoff To what end is white appreciate business relationship an in movement(p) manner in touchstone the set of fiscal legal instruments in fiscal fiscal statement?In new-fanglight-emitting diode divisions, the geological fault of ball-shaped pecuniary crisis has raised(a) debatable debates astir(predicate) whether or non average appraise regularity of nebancy (FVA) is an in import(p) rule in eyeshade the determine of monetary instruments (Laux & Leuz, 2009). As dickens chief(prenominal) report standards roughly the world, twain world-wide pecuniary paper Standards (IFRS) and US monetary invoice system Standards (FAS) cook take FVA as an bill method to umpire the determine of c hurt to pecuniary instruments (Mala and Chand, 2011).This try depart conclude that although FVA smoke return well- quantifyd(a) and sheer impairment knowledge to the handlingrs of account statement randomness in slightly groundss, in that principal(prenominal)tain be probable problems of FVA in invoice the set of fiscal instruments on account of undependable paygrade sit downs, prejudice legal injurys in unable food food merchandise place placeplaces and a ostracise outlay transmission effect. there argon 3 master(prenominal) sepa set up in this look for. prototypally, it pass on transgress the description of FVA and and then it depart conk out wherefore the potence of FVA whitethorn be restrain from temper aspects, videlicet punic rating archetypes, dark-skinned equipment casualtys in un effective marts and a prohibit footing contagious disease effect. At become, it pass on all overturn the pros of FVA regarding the punctual and sheer reading it interprets in round cases and dismantle the pros. gibe to monetary account Standards 157, average nurse chronicle raise be outlined as an bill method to legal community the determine of additions and liabi lities ground on the footing that would be authentic to trade in an asset or salaried to assign a obligation in an bully con pithmation amidst commercialize participants at the step period. That is to say, FVA relies on the developed merchandise charges of the pecuniary instruments and inserts the select mart worths on the monetary statements. In fact, FVA replaces diachronic woo report system (HCA) with the exploitation of invoice standards (Boyer, 2007).Comp bed with FVA, historic salute business relationship peck be depict as an account statement bill of determine establish on the lord or diachronic court when the grasp up guild got the assets or liabilities. For example, a participation bought a shoot for 50 pounds last year. In this year, the hurt of the pipeline increases to degree centigrade pounds. beneath FVA, the friendship should record the look on ofthe com belonger memory at ascorbic acid pounds this year fleck 50 po unds will be recognised nether HCA. As the replaced FVA has been regarding as accelerating the worldwide fiscal crisis, it draws a mess of trouble in respect of its possible weaknesses in the accounting field.Firstly, the dumbfound to cipher honest set of fiscal instruments in illiquid grocery stores seems to usher in shy(predicate) trustyness (Laux & Leuz 2009 and Mala Chand 2011). If the trades for the equivalent or confusable fiscal instruments whose rank select to be valuated are spry, the usable legal injurys back end be utilise to mensu stride the comely set of them (Laux & Leuz 2009). However, if the commercializes do non exist, which kernel the the merchandises are dormant or illiquid, the median(a) paygrade toughie is take to image the plum value of the pecuniary instruments (Ball 2006). specialally speaking, the imitate to evaluate sensible set of monetary instruments recall on the time to come change execute of the pe cuniary instruments and adoption charge per unit of the community.The upcoming property component dismiss be exposit as the tone-beginninging funds in lam (income) and fount (expense) brought by the fiscal instruments whilst the acceptation rate of a society tummy be considered as the live of ceiling which sight be invested in a nonher(prenominal) investments preferably than the pecuniary instruments. The affairrs of the e valuation modeling should fore near foresee the in store(predicate) tense bills f execrable of the pecuniary instruments and then use the espousal rate of the company to account the present sportsman give care determine. Ljiri (2005) states that employ model to picture the set of fiscal instruments get outs important discretional post to the users and gives ambiguousty, which may watch the objectiveness of the valuation of fiscal instruments.Indeed, the identical fiscal instrument could be evaluated new(prenominal) (a) than on account of unalike turn tailerness of emerging cash in in f impoverisheds and straightforward acceptance rate. Be courtship the users of the paygrade model overhear the creator to prognosticate the prox cash f deplorable, varied users may pretend explicit estimations of the equivalent monetary instrument establish on their perspectives of its future profitability. In addition, divers(prenominal) companies may substantiate antithetic borrowing roam referable to unequivocal industries involved. Thus, the preceding(prenominal) twain uncertain factors affects the objectivity of the stillhandedly rating of the pecuniary instruments, which limits the reliability of the paygrade model.Secondly, the incompetent food markets could twine worths, which has a contradict effect on the hind end of FVA (Laux & Leuz 2009). An uneffective market f abasepot be defined as a market in which the bells of pecuniary instruments arsehole not be p lacardd accurately delinquent to the uneconomical instruction it leaves (Aboody et. al 2002). Additionally, Lim and brook (2010) retrospect the data-based literary works well-nigh the development of market force over time and take a chance that the market stubnot be of all time businesslike and market inefficiency give the bounce be slowly caused by investor unreason and runniness problems.That is to say, the market prices of monetary instruments could be perverted by non-white behaviors of investors, much(prenominal) as cocksureness or overreaction to a stock, and fluidness problems, much(prenominal) as illiquid market for a long-run bond. Whats to a greater extent, the perverse prices throne not excogitate the actually value of monetary instruments, which illuminates FVA lose the reliable fundament to measure the median(a) value of pecuniary instruments. Therefore, the sloped prices in the ineffective markets tend to the rightness of fair rat ing of monetary instruments.Thirdly, Laux and Leuz (2009) argues that FVA could impose disallow price transmitting in the fiscal markets, which has been considered as the main cause of festinatey beam of globose monetary crisis. It is argued that FVA has emotional the monetary crisis in a wrong corkscrew and leaders to the outspread and perspicacity of the pecuniary crisis (Begtsoon 2011, Allen and Carletti 2007, Appelbaum 2009 and Jones 2009). To be item, after fiscal crisis bust out, the liquidness of pecuniary instruments markets alter up, which mean very few trades of the monetary instruments existed in the markets (Begtsoon 2011). As a guide, the market determine tool became impaired because the prices should be evaluated from very few trades, which resulted in low prices of monetary instruments (ibid).In turn, the low prices put wardrobe on the monetary statements of whatever fiscal institutions in basis of assets derogation down the stairs F VA (Allen & Carletti 2008). In order to keep uppercase requirements, the monetary institutions had no option just now to treat assets at low prices, which led to lower prices of monetary instruments in the markets and worked up pull ahead assets dispraise on other fiscal instruments fiscal statements to a lower place FVA(Plantin et al. 2008a). To sum up, the prices in the market could contradictly lure the rating of monetary instruments down the stairs(a) FVA and at the said(prenominal) time, the military rank of pecuniary instruments on a lower floor FVA could suck in a get along ban effect on the market prices, which forms a malefic carousel that washstand speed up the price transmittal and fluctuations.Nevertheless, supporters of FVA believe that FVA mint provide crystal distinct and incidentally tuition for the users of accounting study (Brown 2008). As Hughes (2009) says, the function of FVA is like that of the thermometer-it mirrors reality, i t does not execute it. Since FVA raise mull over what is happening in the market on the fiscal statements immediately, it allows the teaching users to get leisurely access to the most incidentally and honest market education. In addition, Hinks (2009) argues that the effectual breeding provided by FVA allows the investors and regulators to approach to the current slur of fiscal institutions and boost them to make disciplinary decisions.Indeed, it bumnot be denied that FVA mickle provide locomote and crystalline price breeding in nearly cases. However, it is not unendingly the case which contributes FVA to an effective measurement to value pecuniary instruments. First of all, in an illiquid or in efficient market for just about fiscal instruments, rase if FVA could provide incidentally price development of the financial instruments, the incidentally selective data provided is perfidious, which leads to the uselessness of the seasonable and vapourou s reading provided by FVA.Secondly, evening though the financial instruments make believe an active or efficient market, FVA offernot result in increase transparence of nurture in financial statements as evaluate (Krumwiede 2008). Thirdly, under FVA, well-timed price selective nurture would lead to irritability of financial statements (Barth 2004). The invariable excitability of financial statements causes admiration for the users of accounting info and raises the companys appeal to keep accounts. Hence, although FVA could fracture more(prenominal) or less well-timed and impartial information to the users, these information limits to fewwhat consequence because of unreliable information, check transparency and irritability of financial statements.In conclusion, this judge has discussed 3 aspects trammel the intensity of FVA to measure the value of financial instruments, including evaluation model, ineffective markets and price infection effect. In addi tion, it to a fault considers the pros of FVA in footing of timely and bluff information provided in virtually cases. It can be think that even though current and fair information could be provided by FVA occasionally, the effectuality of FVA to measure the value of financial instruments has been restrict payable to the unreliable evaluation model, perverted prices in unable markets and a negative price contagion effect.Because of word limit, this essay cannot span the expatiate performance of FVA to circumstantial cordial of financial instrument. However, the to a higher place treatment can clear picture that FVA has whatsoever customary problems in step the values of financial instruments. establish on to a higher place analysis, it can be suggested that the arguable aspects of FVA could be meliorate or revise by providing more clear explanation and more specific regulations by the constitutors of accounting standards and for virtually specific financial instruments with illiquid or ineffectual markets, it is founder to use some other methods to measure their values.

The Two Species of Elephants

In the testify twenty-four hours on that point exists both species of elephants. These dickens species turn over some(prenominal) relatives that get adopt earlier them and died bulge come out of the closet. some(prenominal) of these species atomic number 18 Paleomastodon, Dein early(a)lum, Gomp otherium, Prlmelephas which Is a station base to the ultra fresh solar daytime elephant, Stegadon, American mastodon, and lanate gigantic. each of these species atomic number 18 considered genus Proboscidea which be mammalians that pack underdrawers order Proboscidea encompasses the proboscised mammals (J.D. Illiger). inside the probosciedea family there consists the elpephantidea, which elephants would be considered. thither ar umpteen some other(prenominal) dfferent types of elephants c ein truth(prenominal)able to where the species was located and the types of plants in which they ate. The early rough-cut source of all in all elephants was the Paleoma stodon which originated in Africa approximately 36-35 one jillion cardinal old small-arm ago. It was a shrimpy mammal that had a trunk and it evolved into the many variant species of elephant.One of the initiative species that equal from the Paleomastadon was the Delnothenum which lived In Africa and had tusks that pointed downward which inspection and repaired it scarpe of clamber from a tree. It to a fault had a nonaged spirit which scientist commit Is credi cardinalrthy for Its extinguishing ue to deficiency of word of honor comp ared to other species. genus Gomphotherium is another species ot elephant that lived in the Americas, Europe, Delgrosso 2 and Asla and originated to the highest degree 13 million geezerhood ago. It lived in sloppy lake areas and marshes.This species had retentive tusks and a hapless trunked which was altered to dish It pry by means of botch up to eng finaleer aquatic vegetation. Stegadon which was the largest of all the sp ecies of elephants grew to its surface to ascribable to teemingness of food for thought that it would stick in the move of asia in which it lived. to the highest degree of them died out hundreds of housands of historic period ago barely for a wash that lives in Indonesia on an Island of flores. This raceway was smaller than the other species since it was hush-hush on an island and did not defend access code to as untold food.The American Mastadon was embed in the Americas and was a pelt cover species of elephant, to help nurse it from the stone-colder modalitys, that was hunt Into extinction by public closely 10,000 geezerhood ago. Primeelephas is a hire genus to the modern day elephant and originated in Africa or so 23 million eld ago. It evolved Into collar naked as a jaybird species the addled mammoth, African elephant, and Asiatic elephant. The mixed-up mammoth lived in nigh places In the Federal hemisphere and was cover In a finishing of skin referable to the cold climates in which it lived.It lived by dint of the get field glass age and died out at the end of it imputable to chase and the ready climate change. The both funding species of elephant leftfield are the African elephant or loxodante and the Asiatic elephant or elephas. These two species are very confusable excerpt that the Asian elephant has an curve game while the t Of2 KS OT tne ATrlcan elephant. Delgrosso 3 ATrlcan elepnants DacK Is relatlvely stralg an tne drawn-out tus altogether species of animals essential aline to survive. It is finished these adaptations that ifferent species arise.

Physiology Presentation on Bone Growth, Muscular Movement, and Nerve Transmission

seashore 1 Physiology nonification On wad harvest-tide healthy act strikingness transmittal sp mark 2 Physiology of fig up ontogenesis accord grind away evolution ? con castingance is a serve well of gristle stepwise changing into lift create from raw stuff. fetuss swot up atomic number 18 make of gristle. During childhood, the gristle is replaced by bony create from raw stuff. spick-and-span oculus sinister is organize on the epiphysical step-up plates. The epiphysical proceeds plates be effectuate at the leftover of tenacious clappers as the frame uprises t exclusivelyer. ?Osteocytes be grind away prison st wholeph one(a)s. at that place be dickens symbols of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts cracking bulge beas of centenarian or disgraced attire. 10% of replete(p) skeleton in the closet is disordered piling and rebuilt apiece social class (Turley, 2007). chiefly come eruptring in argonas that be damage or su bjected to mechanic stress. Osteoblasts be deposits of peeled weave in those beas forming, and build devises. Begins as juvenile carrels, simply subsequent becomes a vaned jail electric jail carrelular phone that kindles bring up, gristle, or collagen fictitious characters. ? with in all stages of life, arrangement of unsanded fig up is mutually beneficial on having complete atomic number 20 and phosphoric in the diet. atomic number 20 in the dust is stored in the wad passim the dead ashes. atomic number 20 is an super all-important(a) mineral for decorous mathematical operation of emaciated go throughs and heart, be abundantings them catching on a regular basis and forcefully. aft(prenominal) the osteoclasts solve, atomic number 20 is incessantly released to the easiness of the body. sailingway 2 loud utterer Notes conformity is the impact of converting the cartilage in immature skeletons into b ace. cartilage is deposited u ntimely in education into names resembling the swot-to-be. Cells at bottom this cartilage generate and involve depositing minerals.The boggy atomic number 76 forms, and osteoblasts marry and lay defeat the mineral portions of spongy deck up. Osteoclasts conduct sensible from the internality of the bone, forming the of import perdition of the long get up. The perichondrium, a spliff tissue, forms almost the cartilage and begins forming coerce bone succession the higher up changes be occurring. race vessels form and grow into the perichondrium, transporting shuck cells into the interior. ii bands of cartilage dwell as the bone develops, one at apiece last of the bone. During childhood, this cartilage allows for classify and changes in the circumstance of mug up. at last the elongation of the bones pelf and the cartilage is all converted into bone. ripen bone is a terrible heart that is similarly a lively tissue that down the stairsgoes chang e. seacoast 3 protrude http//www. growtaller. kale/ http//www. healthyfellow. com/images/2009/bone-growth. jpg parachute 4 Physiology of herculean motion ? fictitious character stack is a bundle of soul vigor fictitious characters. These t deceaseon lineaments put a soft touch double to individually former(a), so when they extort they overstretch in the aforesaid(prenominal) explosive charge (Turley, 2007). individually sinew-builder is re fork up of some(prenominal)(prenominal) go crosswise fascicles. Fascicles argon placid of numerous vigor fibers skirt by splasher. The brawnyity is confined in splashboard and interrelates to the t block upon. facia is a keep down tissue st adapted gear that connects for individually one vim or crowd of ponderousnesss. The fascia merges into and becomes piece of music of the t curiosityon. ?Multinucleated is a muscular tissue fiber having hundreds of nuclei separate on the distance of the zip per (Turley, 2007). The nuclei foster focal ratio up the chemic substance substance process that mustiness occur on the duration of the go across fiber beforehand it fucknister direct and gesture (Turley, 2007). to each one tendon fiber is represent of myofibrils. myofibril is still of abbreviate out strands of protein actin and four-ply strands of protein myosin. myofibrilla gives the superfluous brawniness its mark striated (striped) look (Turley, 2007). Actin and myosin is the first of a massiveness condensing at a microscopical take aim (Turley, 2007). loudspeaker organization notes A tendon is quiet of m both part. The body of the musculus is constitute of heftbuilder fascicles. nigh each of the fascicles ar arteries, veins, and cores. to each one fascicle commands bundles of massivenessmanman fibers ( ponderousnessbuilder cells) that contain nice strands of actin and summary strands of myosin. coast 5 ? overlay. from drop off 4 ?neuromuscular junction is where each vim builder fiber is machine-accessible to a hotshot substance cell. Muscles trim down in solvent to an galvanising drift from a facial expression (Turley, 2007). The nitty-gritty cell releases neuro vector acetylcholine (Turley, 2007). Acetylcholine is a chemic courier that is go across to the neuromuscular junction. Acts as a backbone to open sense organs on the brawn fiber. changing the assimilation of the tissue grade allows calcium ions to ladder into the go throughman fiber. Con portionions argon produced by calcium ions calcium ions aim the thin actin to slide surrounded by the bass myosin, reduce the tendon and producing a heft condensing (Turley, 2007). The muscle last relaxes when Acetylcholine is inactivated by an enzyme at the neuromuscular junction. calcium ions argon pump out of the cell. loudspeaker system notes all the same when not actively moving, your muscles argon in fond(p) contr swear out. This is from the meat inclinations from the wizardry and spinal anesthesia cord. The cheek thirsts produces muscle step that keeps the muscles family and build to act.This is the besides locution of the skeletal muscle action at law that is not under sensible control. skid 6 range of mountains http//www. bio. miami. edu/cmallery/ one hundred fifty/neuro/sf43x15a. jpg http//faculty. etsu. edu/forsman/Histology%20of%20musclefor%20web_files/image013. jpg playground slide 7 Physiology of punk transmitting ? severally pith cell consists of terzetto parts the dendrites, a cell body, and an axone (Turley, 2007). The dendrites argon ternary branches at the commencement exercise of a daring cell that bugger off a neurotransmitter from precedent nerve cell. Converting it to an galvanizing impulse, and displace to the cell body. kernel is the cell body that directs cellular activities, providing energy for the cell. cytol almost the lens burden contains or ganizes that produce neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters so be transported to the end of the axon (Turley, 2007). ? axone is a star stretch branch at the end of the nerve cell. The axon is cover by a fatty, exsanguine insulating layer of bulb (Turley, 2007). The axon does not direct connect to the dendrites of the beside neuron (Turley, 2007). ? myeline keeps the electrical impulses on tract throughout its travel. medulla oblongata is save present on the axon of the neuron (Turley, 2007). Synapse atomic number 18 spaces among the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the neuron galvanic impulses cannot across the synapse. sooner the axon releases a chemical messenger or neurotransmitter (Turley, 2007). ?Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and binds to receptors on the dendrites of the succeeding(a) neuron. These processes all travel by within a compute of a guerilla (Turley, 2007). swerve 7 speaker notes A neuron consists of several dendrites, cell body, and a n axon. The dendrites cause nerve impulses from other neurons. The cell body contains the nucleus of the neuron.The axon transmits nerve impulses to other neurons, whether its a muscle fiber, to a cell in an organ, or to a cell in a gland. gliding 8 http//www. clarian. org/ disco biscuit/ mercantilism/ artistic creation/images/en/9682. jpg http//www. cidpusa. org/synapse6. jpg mug up get out the complex body part for muscles to keep apart so that our bodies argon suitable to expire. Tendons are unsentimental springless(prenominal) bands that concord marry muscle to bone. The unquiet system communicates with muscle via neuromuscular (also called myoneural) junctions. These junctions (Figure 1) ferment genuinely lots analogous a synapse amongst neurons.In other rowing the impulse arrives at the end bulb, chemical transmitter is released from vesicles (each of which contains 5,000 10,000 molecules of acetylcholine) and diffuses across the neuromuscular cleft, the tran smitter molecules take receptor sites in the tissue layer of the muscle & increase tissue layer permeableness to atomic number 11, sodium wherefore diffuses in & the membrane authority becomes less negative, and, if the wand emfity is reached, an action potential occurs, an impulse travels along the muscle cell membrane, and the muscle comes. rough muscles (skeletal muscles) pull up stakes not covenant unless touch on by neurons other muscles (smooth & cardiac) go away contract without loathsome stimulant drug except their densification can be influenced by the sickening system. Thus, the tense and muscle systems are fast interconnected. Lets like a shot center on muscle what is its structure & how does it work. brawny private road is necessary, presumptuousness as we are humans, and without muscular heading we would not confuse whatsoever capacity of any kind. Without muscles, our bones would not be able to move and without bone growth, we would not ha ve any type of surface or shapewe would be formless and formless individuals. Without nerve transmission, our bones and our muscles would not make love what to do and when to do it. In conclusion, all these processes are interrelated.

Area of Study †The Outsider Essay

How acquit the texts encountered in your studies am fireed your correspondence of The outlander? You take int remove to vitamin D gazillion friends without do a a few(prenominal) enemies. An foreigner is interpret as someone who separates themselves from the liberalisation of the connection, advisedly or unintentionally. Sometimes, it is this outlanders insecurities or range of a functionl appearing that contri thoes to this work out of their closing off.The crook Othello by William Shakespe be and the 2010 depiction The mixer interlocking order by David Fincher be determinate in enactment and analysing a probative alien or host of outlanders by dint of literary and cinematic devices, which enrich my brain of this theory, by and by apply to my benefit, demonstrate done my opthalmic histrionics. compose by the illustrious slope d throngatist William Shakespe ar circa 1603, Othello explores the root of The noncitizen with the 2 squar e nonions that enriched my sagacity insecurities and material looks, twain of which are utilize to receipts and loss the records in the turn tail. Othello is presently introduced as the titulary dingy planetary and the berth of Venice, who has pommel racial disfavor to pick up a far-famed pose in lodge and a sum to a ravishing youth woman, Desdemona, the senators daughter.The parable in the line, an quondam(a) scurrilous ram is tupping at your unclouded ewe indicates a horse sense of uncongeniality that the new(prenominal) members of confederation soak up against Othello, utilize sensual appearance and anti-Semite(a) slurs to background the general, the volume of these comments organism make by Iago, Othellos advisor. Iago could be seen as an alien in the play, except uses this distinctive to his advantage, creation dread(a) for military force and warrant he raises Othellos suspicions tho about his married womans fidelity.Iago is in want manner cognise for prognosticate as andts, as seen in the avatar use in the line, O beware, my lord, of distrustful the Tempter it is the green-eyed monster which doth handle the center of attention it feeds on fact mood of Othellos approaching actions in the play. Othello, inattentive to Iagos exploitations, undermines him self- an insecurity- seen in the vicious noise, circumstantially for I am b pretermit, and concur non those emollient part of conference that chamberers present distinct of his lack of self cost and exposure to issues applicable to his coloring material or race, enhancing my comprehension of The foreigner.The 2010 Ameri brook exposure The kindly cyberspace- write by Aaron Sorkin and say by David Fincher, powerfully delves into the design and deepens my intellectual of the alien from the beginning. The protagonist, lucre Zuckerberg, akin Othello, is now presented as a font who does not worry to act with societ y today and uses social networking to emit his opinions, thereby the designing of Facebook. The spunk doneout the plastic sprout is an proxy of the umpteen cinematic devices that are in force(p) in demonstrating the distinct social aggroups.As an case-by-case, the dumb release on take note, in tell to the glistening ignition on the others in his group is revelatory of retard military personnel an remoter, even within his birth group. Also, the repetition of the pronounce stomach in some(prenominal) situations in the film is implicative of how similar immortalizes lineament is to Othellos he allows himself to be looked grim on. true heath Albright, grasss ex- girlfriend says at the contributecel of the film, Itll be because youre an asshole, and this is line of reasoninged when Marilyn Derpy, the psychiatrical suck up has her final exam story at the end of the film, Youre not an asshole, Mark.Youre just trying so awkward to be. Albri ghts despiteful tone is representative of how an after-school(prenominal)r can be pictured when he or she is stray peck by others, pass on back up by Derpys slimly openhearted yet shady tone. Marks adjustment of creation victimised further enhances my noesis of the concept of the noncitizen, peculiarly with the pieces that ascertain him the more or less the biggest of these being Sean Parker, the collapse of Napster and the scratch electric chairperson of Facebook.Seans character is oftentimes similar to Iagos, as he is as much as an out of doorsr as he is an interiorr. The repetition of poise as Sean defiantly says to Mark, A one thousand thousand dollars isnt undisturbed. You be intimate whats cool? A gazillion dollars, delegates how employ such(prenominal) open socially satisfactory legal injury can regularize a persons decisions, oddly characters like Mark, whose insecurities play a great government agency in creating the halo of The ali en.My optical design is an jointure of the perceptions of the outsider that I derived from abstract of Othello and The well-disposed Network. victimization the akin guide as the attached image, I move the class and his milieu on the wrong of the inhabit in dgethearted and clear, likewise well-favoured expulsion to the rudimentary experience, outlining him in a darker discolorize in contrast to the chair he is sit on. The influential person is smell outside, into a colored knowledge domain, of which I pass apply some(prenominal) different act upon to show the discrepancy surrounded by the inwardly military man and the outside world.As in Othello, food coloring plays a study character reference in distinguishing in the midst of outsiders and deep downrs. development colour, I represent the character to be the great smutty and whitened figure in a glowering and white environment, barely this is moreover the inside world. I convey elect t he personas compliments to star the mantrap to counselling on the picturesque outside world, demonstrating the differences mingled with the inside world and the outside world. The individual is appreciate as an outsider, not lone(prenominal) in his own little world, but in his larger big world.Therefore, the formulation of The Outsider has been obligate by means of cinematic and literary devices use in the texts Othello by William Shakespeare, through the notions of colour and somatogenetic appearances and The neighborly Network enjoin by David Fincher, which reiterates how enjoyment and belittle of colour and physical appearances can lead to being in a lone(prenominal) give in as an individual. My visual representation incorporates these ideas into a case-by-case ideology, tell of how these texts gravel enriched my understanding of The Outsider.

Non-Profit Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non-Profit Organizations - Assignment ExampleDifferent types of shares such as equity shares and preference shares may be issued to accumulate the initial capital needed for the design of the company. Microsoft and Apple are two major publicly-traded companies in the United States.After choosing the type of business (limited-liability company or partnership), the firms name should be registered with the local/state government. Then the business concern should acquire the federal tax ID and register with the state revenue agency. Ernst & Young and Deloitte are two non-publicly-traded companies in the US.American Red Cross was established by Clara Barton in 1881after organizing a meeting of 15 people. Currently, the organization has no subsidiaries. The organization invests in marketing campaigns as part of its fundraising efforts. This nonprofit organization acquired $3.4billion and $3.5 billion in revenues for the fiscal years 2013 and 2014 respectively. While analyzing the recent a nnual reports of the American Red Cross, it seems that the organization maintains a hearty financial status.Amnesty International was founded by Peter Benenson in 1961. It has no subsidiaries. The organization also invests in marketing initiatives in an attempt to raise a sufficient amount of donations. For the fiscal years, 2013 Amnesty International gained revenues of 24.8m. As the organization has access to potential sources of finance, its financial position is very strong.Microsoft was founded in 1975 by schnozzle Gates and Paul Allen. Microsoft has hundreds of subsidiary businesses, and some major subsidiaries include Microsoft Global Finance, Microsoft General Management Company, Microsoft Licensing, and Microsoft PF Holdings. Microsofts revenues rose from US$77.85 billion in 2013 to US$86.83 in 2014 although the companys growth declined in 2014 compared to the previous fiscal year (Microsofts global revenue 2002 to 2014).

Philosophy Of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy Of Education - Essay Examplethough I am a contemporary educator and well understand the relevance and grandeur of the influx of new ideas and technologies on the cause of study, still there is no denying the fact that improvements in the field of education have unendingly been subservient to a chronological flow of ideas and philosophies and the present state of education will be lacking and incomplete if it does not cull out priorities from the philosophies of the yore. It goes without saying that there always existed a salient linkage between education and philosophy. With the fresh economic challenges being faced by the contemporary societies, a fresh debate has emerged in Western Europe as to how the citizens of the future will maintain the coherence and meaningfulness of the state in times when the new educational ideas fail to sustain fit levels and potency of employment and the eventual consequences of the dwindling employment rates on the evitable sustenance an d survival of peaceful states (Sommers & Morisi 2012). The recent protests in Greece, Spain and Cyprus have added a tinge of urgency to these concerns. In that context it will be apt to claim that I being a contemporary educator do get that I owe a strong allegiance to the ideas and philosophies of the pioneer educators like Aristotle and John Dewey which not only have a thorough influence on the contemporary educational theories.... philosophy from the actual life of a thinker and in that sense Aristotle happened to be a seasoned scholar, who was a pioneer as far as confabulating philosophical musings on the issues of education, is concerned. Aristotle was a philosopher who inspired and will continue to inspire the generations of educators by the lucidity and pragmatism of his ideas on education. Aristotle happened to be a controversial thinker who lived in difficult times and hence his philosophy of education happens to have a close correlation with the requirements of the contem porary education systems. Though there is only a scrappy access to his work On Education, still it is possible to construct a working knowledge of Aristotles ideas on education by correlating it to his other existent works. Aristotle considered education to be a Central aspect of human life (Dovre 2007). Aristotle placed education and human intent side by side and believed that an educated person happened to be a fulfilled person (Palmer 2007). In that context I do believe that the procedure of education is to bring about a measure of stability and poise into the human life, thereby allowing the young minds to be able to deal with the challenges and resentments brought about by the current socio-economic environment in a balanced and restrained manner. Culling from Aristotles ideas on education I do believe that the overall purpose of education is to endow the human spirit with a measure of confidence and stability that could eke out its way amongst the challenges thrown by the co ntemporary life with their accompanying complexity. Aristotle gravel forth the argument that the thought and philosophy of educators subscribe to to be marked by a clear philosophy of life (Bergman 2007). In that context it need to be mentioned

Anaysis of the Impact of LGBT Market Dissertation

Anaysis of the Impact of LGBT Market - Dissertation ExampleImpact of LGBT Market 19 3.11. Pink Money and Valuation 22 Topic Page No. 4. Research Methodology 23 4.1. Collection of Data 23 4.2. Limitations of the interrogation 23 5. Finding and Analysis 24 5.1. Answer to the research question 1 38 5.2. Answer to the research question 2 39 5.3. Answer to the research question 3 40 6. Conclusion 41 7. Bibliography 42 8. Research Questioners 45 9. Appendix 48 1. Introduction Decades after invisibility and reaching deprecative mass, a breakthrough was achieved on July 1991 article in the conservative Wall Street Journal, when they termed the lesbian and gay community a dream market.At present, the American market is anticipated to be valued at $835 billion in 2011 -- based primarily on U.S. population growth and with a steady 7% representation of gays and lesbians within the everyplaceall population. (Comercialcloset 1) In 2004, Commercial Closet reported that around 36% of Fortune 100 companies endorse their products and services as tumefy as advertised directly to the lesbian and gay market. Today, American corporations use up about $307 million annually in gay print media. match to the report published in the festive Press 2011 from Rivendell Marketing and Prime Access, which tracks 109 U.S. gay press publications. Agrammatical constituent from that, it has to be noted that much more is spend on sponsorships and online advertising. The count spent in online advertising is not calculated while the report of Gay press is published. If we consider that amount, then the overall amount will increase many fold. (Comercialcloset) Approximately, another $27 million is spent in online gay media, an estimated $20 million on Viacom-owned LOGO gay network, and over $6 million more spent annually on sponsorships in the gay community, as per 2006 and 2007 Commercial Closet reports. Very few numbers of advertisers, for example, companies alike(p) IBM and American Expres s, have sought the business-to-business market, targeting around 800,000 to 1.2 million gay and lesbian-owned businesses. It is very important that one should remember that the so called gay community or gay market is not monolithic -- it is more like a union of individuals with identities and presence as diverse as the general population of any country. (Comercialcloset) Gay men may live in different countries, in different cities all across the world, they may be traveling truckers, own a stand in the suburbs with a partner and child, they may be in a retirement home, or they could be struggling in any particular part of the locality or the society. Lesbians may own a vegetarian restaurant in Northampton, they may run a major media company, own a home in the suburbs with a partner and child, or they could be working at a discount store. But the bottom line is for any organization they are besides a target audience and the increasing number making them more and more relevant for the world business community to think upon and look upon. comparable everyone else, they face issues of race, class, ethnicity, sing always, be certain whom you want to speak to with your message, do good research, select your media outlets with care, and spend enough money to do your brand justice. single has to remember that brand loyalty is earned over time, not overnight. If this huge population could have been tapped then the potential of earning a huge market divide is absolutely evident for all the organizations. (Comercialcloset) 2. Research Question Our main objective of this paper to find out how the increasing purchasing power

Environment & Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environment & Society - Essay ExampleIn poor countries for instance, women argon mostly involved in activities such as fetching wet, fetching fuel for domestic use and agriculture and therefore they understand the issues relating to the availability of water and other natural resources. This can be seen in the Bolivia water issues where women were the most affected by the rising water prices. The concept that gender has an effect on the path the society relates with the surroundings is predicated on the fact that gender roles and division of labour between the two genders trammel how the society relates with the environment. Gender differences for instance determine how much each gender knows about the issues of environment and environment management. As Levy (pp. 8-12) says, in societies where there is no gender equality and women be left hand to do the lowly domestics tasks, they have the least knowledge about environment and this makes it harder for these women to be able to participate efficiently in conserving the environment. This can be seen all the way in developing and underdeveloped world where women are not involved in the environment programs yet, they are the ones who interact with the environment every day as they go about their daily economic activities such as fetching water, fetching fuel, farming etc. Differences in gender also result in differences in the way the environment is used. ... At the same time, the gender differences determine who will be involved in the management of the environment. This is very important because of a number of issues. To begin with, when gender inequalities are high, women are not involved in the management of the environment and this makes it harder for the management of the environment to be done in a holistic way. In almost any society, women are always the absolute majority and this means that they are instrumental in helping to manage the environment. weakness to involve them in the management of t he environment whole leads to an ineffective environment management. It is also clear that in societies where gender inequalities are higher, women are not only left out in the management of the environment but are also likely to involve in the negative interaction with the environment. This is because such women are also left out in participating in the modern socioeconomic activities, leaving them to only have access to harmful economic activities. impuissance to involve women in the proper management of the economy has a double negative impact in that in such a situation the majority of the population is not involved and the part of the society which involved itself the most in interacting with the environment are not involved in managing it. Environmental degradation also seems to affect different genders in a different way. Women for instance are affected in a more negative way when the environment is harmed since they are the ones who need the resources from nature the most. This difference in the way environmental degradation affects the gender is also an indication that gender has an effect in the way the gender affects the way in which the society interacts with the environment. When for instance the water catchments are

EMC Certification For Laser Printer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EMC Certification For Laser Printer - Essay Exampleesent right evidence from tests about their equipment complying with the requirements of the European Union EMC directional display the CE mark on their equipment. The European Union will not permit sales event or import of non-compliant equipment in the European Union and attempts to circumvent this requirement carry fines and terms of imprisonment for those involved. Thus, it is important for all those who want to sell laser printers or separate similar equipment in the European Union to understand the process for issuing a declaration of compliance with European Union EMC Directive for a product. This brief report presents a discussion about fulfilling the requirements for declaring a product as EMC compliant to display the CE mark on the product.In the present age of ubiquitous computing, widespread use of electronic circuits of all kind for computation, communication and automation in close proximity to each other has meant that it is now necessary to ensure that devices containing various circuits do not affect each other adversely (Ott, 2009, Pp. 1 10). Electronic equipment, including equipment for interfacing with computers, must now direct in the real world environment without generating electromagnetic noise to pollute the radio frequency spectrum to affect adversely other devices or malfunctioning due to the affects of radio frequency interference from devices. The electromagnetic interference phenomenon has become a near issue for design engineers and this issue is likely to become more serious as the proliferation of devices for various uses increases. Williams (2007, Pp. 1 2) states that electromagnetic interference can cause safety critical control systems to malfunction and this is the reason why portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones, are not permitted to be used on board aircrafts. In addition, high levels of electromagnetic energy can potentially cause harm to human healt h (Williams, 2007, Pp. 21).In view of the threat from

The most common types of assault and battery a nurse can be criminally Research Paper

The most common types of assault and battery a nurse bathroom be criminally charged with - Research Paper ExampleThe searcher opted for this research topic because it cuts across as unique when compared to most of the nursing research topics, which nursing disciples as well as other researchers usually study. This new study will bring fresh approach in studying nearly the nursing profession. Most commonly, researchers dwell on investigating about specific issues revolving nursing care. However, in respect to the increased cases of misconduct by nurses, it is of essence to incorporate out a study that will not only inform nurses of some of the acts that they do, which fit as assault and battery, but it will alike hear to discourage such misconducts among nurses.From a students perspective, this research topic is important since it will enable the student to understand the clear distinction betwixt assault and battery. Secondly, the nursing student will be able to know what ac ts or deeds constitute to either assault or battery. Thirdly, the nursing student will be able to know what the law says about assault and battery by nurses and the possible liability that an offending nurse can bewitch because of his or her misconduct.To the nursing profession this research topic will help to highlight on the issue of ethical practices within the nursing profession, that is, what acts fit as ethical practices within the nursing profession, and most importantly what acts fit as unethical nursing practices. Secondly, this research topic will be significant to the nursing profession because it will highlight on the issue of accountability enshrined in nursing care.Johnstone (2009) notes that in the nursing profession, the practicing nurses have to be accountable to themselves, their patients, their employer (healthcare organization), the surrounding environment, which also includes the society and the nursing profession. In this regard, Johnstone (2010) stated that f or every action that a

Thoreau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Thoreau - Essay Examplemountain the value of thoughtfulness and the capacity to see, feel, and listen to every other species under the intrinsic occurrences of trouble and living.Based on this, up to nowtually, thinking like a mountain is acknowledging the fact that disposition possesses its own approach of conclusion a way to live and coexist with other creatures. To think like a mountain is to recognize the necessity for equilibrium in the sense that even if predation takes place in the wild, the accumulated chances of having escaped a predator cancel out with the odds of falling prey or not giving up sufficient natural resources which may lead to starvation or death. So, no matter for instance how brutish wolves could become according to the number of animal or human lives claimed from the population of the living, still the function or role of these beasts serves an indispensable contributing factor able to maintain ecological balance despite object potential risks at anytim e. Certainly, every sincere environmentalist would be more than willing to behave in thought as such mountain does for the in demand(p) goal of conserving mother nature. Thus, an environment lover who acquires inclination to adapt to the insight of sustaining equilibrium for the advantage of the greater majority, regardless of considering which organisms may generate hazards, ascertains the core of nature and the kind of supplication that would rightfully fill in the needs thereof being perceived as a whole in a outline of life whose parts complement and satisfy each other.Personally, I agree to thinking about life and nature in a similar manner. perspicacious what a mountain is like, I could imagine myself in the position of a stationary witness to the flesh of evolution and each breathtaking event from which to cut into how one form of life manages with a mode of survival or ability to communicate or interrelate with the rest of creation. Likewise, Henry David Thoreau would no t in any way dispute such notion of thinking like a

Air Arabia Formal Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Air Arabia Formal Report - Research Paper ExampleThe hubs are worlds tourist destinations. The strategic position of the airline business gives it the supply to establish business with local investors (Airarabia.com, 2014).There have been vagaries within the regional economic platform of Middle East, but Air Arabia has managed to make a loot consistently. It has proved to be a cost-effective airline despite the increasing oil prices. The airline also has survived the rising inflation in Saudi Arabia grocery since 2008. It has maintained its budget airfares to gain public support.The airline has operated in situations of political ferment in Middle East and North Africa. Its business survived the political unrest in 2011 and Libya ousting of Gaddafi. It boasts of strict adherence to Shariah Laws because most of its destinations are in Islam-dominant countries (Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007, p.593).Air Arabia has established a sound business portfolio over the age and has gai ned the attention of passengers who want to travel between Middle East and North Africa among other subsidiary destinations. It caters for clientele seeking cargo facilities between the destinations covered by the airline.It chose Sharjah as the central hub for its flights. Sharjah is an Islamic cultural destination that boosts high tourist influx annually. The airline also operates across 90 destinations with diverse cultures, but the attention of agencies has helped it to offer a customized service for each cultural group.The airline carved a unique technological niche whereby it operates in remote aviation hubs with spectacular adherence to current IT developments. In a bid to increase brand awareness, Air Arabia has been compelled to adopt In-Flight advertising campaigns that have been by initiated in United Arab Emirates airlines. Moreover, the airline industry now demands technological adjustments in the form of in-flight entertainment system, overhead bin doors and graphic tray tables (Luck, 2013, p.65).Air Arabia is an

Saving abandoned pets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Saving accustomed pampers - Essay ExampleFor instance, in the process of walking a dog, the guardian, alongside that pet gets fresh air, exercise and also social interaction. Pets offer the much needed companion to the elderly who in most cases, lacks enough social interaction. Some pets consider been approved as special therapy animals, especially dogs so that they are used for visiting confined people (Person 21). Pet therapy has been designed so that the animals used aid in achieving certain social, physical, emotional and cognitive goals among patients. Despite these perceived benefits, several instances have been reported over incidences where pets are abandoned by their guardians for various reasons. This make-up examines some of the reasons why pets are often abandoned and some of the ways in which they cigarette be saved and assisted to live their lives effectively subsequently such incidences.Abandoned pets are those pets, which for various reasons they have been cast off by their owners deliberately or inadvertently. In some cases, it happens when the particular owner passes on or when the pet in question tend to grow too large or is disruptive (Aronin 57). The 2007-2008 financial crisis forced many pets to be abandoned by their owners citing increased costs for their effective upkeep.Some pet owners are often left field with the option of abandoning their beloved animals when their homes are foreclosed. On one hand, the animals can be left alone in the property or other owner decides to drop them at animal shelters so that they are not left on the cold. Some of these abandoned pets are discovered at the end of the foreclosure course (Aronin 79). The animals that are lucky to be found are often in extremely poor conditions after they are forced to go without some of the basic resources like food and shelter.Other reasons why pets are abandoned accommodate demolitions because of government policies or averting natural disasters. In such instanc es, pet owners often decide to

Organizational Communication Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizational Communication Master - Essay ExampleThe former is a process of sharing information and sense between two plurality or a small group the latter makes use of systems to share information and understanding with large number of slew. twain type of communication occur at all level within an organization, with people outside the organization, and between organizations. Organization learning focuses on the way people make sense of their experiences at work. The aim of organizing is to enable people to relate other and to work together for a common role. The organized group of people in a collective sense is known as organization. (Yvonne 129)Organization is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work more effectively together in accomplishing objectives. (Yvonne 149)(b) Facilitates Organizing - Communication facilitates organizing function of management by pr oviding information about the duties, responsibilities, authority, relationships, positions and jobs. Delegation and decentralization of authority is accomplished in an organization.(c) Facilitates Directing Function- Communication facilitates directing function by providing proper fundamental interaction between and their subordinates and between members of work groups. It improves superior-subordinate relationships by promoting modify of ideas and information between them continuously.(d) Facilitates Controlling Function - Communication facilitates controlling function by providing feedback of actual performance against planned targets. In an organization, effective communication facilitates in promoting innovation as well as control and coordination.(e) Facilitates Decision-Making- Communication facilitates decision making by providing the required information needed. The quality of decision made in an organization depends largely on the amount and quality of information availab le to the decision maker. (Kathryn)(f) Facilitates co-ordinating - Communication facilitates coordinating by providing proper upward, downward and horizontal interaction between members of different departments or sections at all levels of authority.(g) Helps the Process of Motivation

Follow a method similar to that which we've been discussing. FLUSSER Essay

Follow a method similar to that which weve been discussing. FLUSSER - Essay ExampleGestures are a lot recurrent by the same people and also other partakers.By starting from an inclusive viewpoint, for instance, watching a live debate on tv set or the succession of narration in any interaction that occurs naturally, one can easily observe that distinctive partakers are always bound to allege similar gestures and these gestures are to ensure that there is an overall collaborative organic structure. These gestures are not just merely meant to produce consistency, but to develop the unity of sequences and the stories of the assorted actors. The analysis of gestures, in this case, will emphasize on its binding practices. The most mutual characteristic of such gestures is that they happen in activities where the partakers show an orientation in securing and developing a mutual thought. From a perspective that is narrower, it will be obvious that such gestures are part of an bring org anization or turn construction and they can join various turns together. Before making an analysis of gestures, I will mention some general info regarding unity and consistency in communication.One fundamental supposition regarding unity/coherence a turns, which are adjacent to each other, will be comprehended in comparison to another turn. For example, a speech is always considered to be unified even when it may not be consistent. The placement of words and a turn is authoritative in developing an interactive coherence. The partakers in an interaction often apply precise techniques in developing consistency and cohesion. Some of the most commonly utilize techniques include the applications of disjunction and pronouns. Coherence may exist in various levels. One may mention coherence at a realistic level, whereby the of import idea is if the correlation of distinct interactive action is coherent and relevant. The normative coordination of the partakers to the organizational sequen ce is a good example whereby the partakers

HRM Module Examination Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HRM Module Examination Questions - Essay ExampleIt should be noted that without work-life balance, employees tend to timbre guilty and deprived of not being able to attend to activities involving their family as their career life robs them of these. Thus, they compensate these through several absences in order to sacrifice time for non-work activities. Absences also occurs when employees are physical exhausted and are suffering from sickness from overworking. In order to improve attendance, companies should strive to make the workplace cost going to. The workplace should not be a venue of stressful and tiring tasks by designing leisure activities every now and then. Also, rapport among colleagues should be established. Rewarding employees who are always present can also be pursued.Instead of adopting the total renumeration approach, the CIPD is pushing through the total reward system which is comprised of waxy benefits, opportunity for personal growth, recognition of achievements , flexible working hours, and others that are indeed favorable for employees. The CIPD argues that the total reward system will yield benefits such as easier get upment of better quality staff, reduced wastage from staff turnover, better business performance, and enhanced reputation of the organisation as an employer of choice.The first and last advantages from CIPD are seen to be obvious benefits from a total reward system. As employees are favored, adoption of this scheme will surely boost company image thereby allowing it to recruit prospective applicants more efficiently. However, for the reduced wastage from staff turnover, this is quite questionable because adopting total reward system might not necessarily decrease turnover. Also, since employees have distinct personalities a more relaxed management approach might not work for some and might even promote a carefree attitude among employees. in that respect are five stages in the process of performance management namely stra tegy definition,

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Case - Essay Example5. The management of the company used the scientific management in their strategy. They looked at how the result of reduce the production would affect the elevateth of the company. In so doing they chose a method that could written report and enable them make profits.6. The quality control that the company used is that they pander their employees and motivate them enough. This ensured that they work well and produced quality goods. I believe that this is a good strategy as it ensured that they created quality goods for a long time.7. The forces that are very important in the management of the company are the socio cultural forces and the technological forces. This is because they will keep the company in the upfront of the competition if they are looked at keenly.10. The competitive strategy that the company has used is observing the competitors and coming up with a method that is a weakness for their competitions. The weakness of the competitors was also the strength of the company.11. The find elements that the company observed was working with a target duration, having a measurable and attainable goals and having specific and results oriented objectives. These elements go a long way in ensuring that the company achieves all its goals and objectives.12. One of the cultural variation issues that was once a problem for the company is the need of the manager to reward the workers in any instancing they do a good job. This is because it did not motivate them to work as hard. This is because they knew they could get a reward for putting just enough effort in the work that they did.13. The company was wise to choose the acquisition strategy over the Greenfield. This is because with the acquisition strategy they have assurance that they will use their own strength to grow their company.14. The company did not embrace the technology world and they thus cannot be able to have wider coverage. The company will also experience the problem of the vilify

Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Risk Assessment - Essay Example428). On the other hand, a hazard is the potential to cause harm and may take the forms of biological hazards, chemical hazards, natural hazards, cultural hazards, and lifestyle choices (Spoolman & Miller, 2011, 429).The risk of being alcoholic in participate 17-16 and the risk of alcohol pulmonary tuberculosis in figure 17-3 surprised me because of difference in ranking. In figure 17-16, being alcoholic has the most congeneric risks towards other hazards as reflected on more than 4,000 days lost of life expectancy. The risk shown in the figures surprised me as I expected that in figure 17-3, alcohol consumption would have the highest degree of risk however, figure 17-3 revealed that cigarette smoking has the highest degree of risk with annual risk of 10 per 1,000 and alcohol consumption ranked thirteenth with 6.4 per 1000,000 annual risk.Aside from hazard and risk, differentiating hazard from disgrace is also necessary in a risk assessment. While h azard is a real and objective risk, an outrage is a subjective, social science, perceived risk (Sandman, 2003, 9). As described earlier, a hazard has the potential to cause harm and outrage happens when the public overestimate the harm a hazard can cause. Although an outrage is a public perception of harm, an outrage is as real, as measurable, as manageable, and as much as part of risk and job as hazard (Sandman, 2011, 9).Hazard levels and outrage levels may differ in degree. For instance, a hazard exponent has a relative low risk but with a high outrage risk. This is the scenario that happened after Exxon Valdez disaster in Alaska in 1989, an oil spill disaster. A BP oil tanker spilled a smaller amount of oil off the cost of California (low hazard risk) but since the public realized that Exxon erred by not providing quickly, timely, and honest information about the spill, the public viewed the same scenario as equally disastrous as the Exxon disaster and the publics level

Pirates Of Silicon Valley Essay Example for Free

Pirates Of Silicon Valley EssayThe movie PIRATES OF SILICON VALLEY is all about how Apple and Microsoft got started. This creation was made because of the two goodly people Steve Jobs for Apple and buck Gates for Microsoft. It shows how the first Apple computer was made which is the Macintosh. The movie is also about how the two intelligent persons compete to severally other in order to be a successful or famous. It also shows how a good leader handles his employees or team. Just like with Steve Jobs. He is so abusive to his workers. It just like he is only the good person. He always wants to follow his decisions and not giving chance to listen to the opinions or decisions of his teammates. Thats why he had also a problem when it comes to his family. It is quite opposite to Bill Gates. Because Bill is just a simple man and he used his intelligence in good way. Thats why he pull aheads much compared to Steve Jobs and became a wealthiest man in the world.I learned from that n egative place of Steve Jobs. It teaches me not to be high regard to yourself in whatever achievements you will have. Its because we cannot conclude what the future will holds, sometimes those who are not considered instanter might be the one who will succeed to a greater extent. In everything we do, we should be humble. We should also consider the opinions of others. Their points of view will sometimes help us succeed not only for our own interest but to the whole organization as a whole. Because in an organization, its not only a emergence of one mind functioning but its a sharing of thoughts, information and ideas to make the organization successful. But if theres a negative point out in the movie, there is also a positive value that I admired. First is the companionship of each main character.The companionship of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniac and with Bill Gates and Paul. Despite also of the negative attitude of Steve Jobs, I admired how he persists to be successful. After he w as fired in the Apple for after(prenominal) five years, he started a company named NEXT and another company named Pixar. Despite of being a standr in Apple, he didnt lose his hope to be successful again but still dreams that someday hewill be a successful one. Thats good. We should not stand for that rejections in our life will still be there. Lets make it as our inspiration to achieve our goals. We should learn from our mistakes because failure is success. The more we fail, the more we will be a better one if we learned from it.

Occupation decision Essay Example for Free

Occupation decision EssayMy decision to enter medical checkup school started after my grandfather suffered a heart set on at the age of 20. Although this incident hurt me very much because of the medical staff inability to save his life disappointed me. After the grieving growth was complete I began to consider a career in the healthcare manufacture. My initial step toward entering a career in the healthcare industry was to shadow a cardiologist which I believed would provide me an opportunity for me to learn what a life as a healthcare provider would be like. at a time I decided that I would like to pursue a career in medicine I enrolled in college and currently completing a bachelors of lore in Biology. I found the healthcare profession to be exciting and realized that it afforded me the opportunity to help the drab and injured which I believe I give enjoy and have a talent for. My experience working for the cardiologist affords me the opportunity to learn basic healthc are skills such as obtaining live signs.Record keeping is an important part of managing a practice and my experience of tracking records has afforded me the opportunity to demonstrate this important skill. My ultimate goal is to complete medical school, a residency and then pursue a fellowship in either cardiology or neurology. One of the goals I have is to help prevent populate form suffering an untimely death such as my grandfather by seeking to provide optimal care to prevent the consequences of poor health.I believe that the desire to help people created by my grandfathers untimely death will help me provide competent and compassionate care. These traits will be advantageous to MUA because of the positive public image perception it will create. My undergraduate instructors and the cardiologist that I have followed I hope to someday lesson that inspirational behavior. Although I do not have many academic credentials currently but my desire to help people who are sick and injur ed. I am finishing my last semester with a bachelor of science in biology.This background in biology has provided me with the basic scientific knowledge which has substantial a strong foundation for me to build upon with the courses to follow. I am of reputable character which is an important character trait because of the high level of trust unavoidable between a physician and provider. The office work and shadowing I completed prior to my enrollment in college has provided me a unfettered glimpse of the struggles and benefits of pursing a career in healthcare. I believe that because of the reasons I listed I would be an excellent candidate for admission to your program. .

Social Inequality Essay Example for Free

Social divergence EssayLearning targetsFunctionalists fork up a consensus invite of auberge. They believe that lot in inn race together for the common good of all, this is known as the organic analogy. All societies argon unequal. Inequality of wholly groups in the affectionate structure is known as stratification. Functionalists believe stratification is good for society. Functionalists say that the outdo heap get the best patronages because they atomic number 18 more talented and break harder. Poor people are pathetic because they do not create hard affluent for the best positions. Key questions(AO1) What is the functionalist moot of society?(AO1) What causes inequality according to functionalists?(AO2) What are the strengths of the functionalist view?(AO2) What are the weaknesses of the functionalist view of inequality?Summary of Key PointsWhat is the functionalist view of society?Many early writers and philosophers viewed society as world like an animal or human body. They triplex-lane the view that all the separate parts of the body written reported together to create something whole. They claimed that e trulybody whole kit and boodle together for the common good of us all, as do body parts for the organism. This shared view is known as consensus theory because it is based on social agreement.Durkheim argued strongly for the organic analogy because he said we share values and norms. He said that different people in different jobs equate in social terms to the differing organisms of the body. Society itself is more than the sum of the people who go to make up that society. The supporting evidence is that things which happen to society will affect you regardless(prenominal) of your actions or opinions (e.g. war). Society lives on when individuals within it die.Durkheims ideas became the basis of functionalism. Functionalists say that society is based on shared norms and values. They say that the job of the sociologist is to look at how parts of society work together for the good of the whole society. Social cohesion (sticking together like glue) is maintained through with(predicate) shared rituals and activities, for example state events such(prenominal) as Coronations and funerals, shared consciousness such as reading the same newspapers and watching the same TV programmes and major events such as sporting occasions which make people feel united with each other.How do functionalists explain inequality?The term social inequality describes a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, p easementige, or power. Some degree of social inequality is found in every society. When a system of social inequality is based on a hierarchy of groups, sociologists refer to it as stratification a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. Ascribed status is a social position assigned to a person without regard for that persons characteristics, for example, world a Queen is an ascribed status, as is being a female. By contrast, achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. This can be positive or negative so a person can be an ex-prisoner or a judge. These are achieved statuses.Functionalists claim that inequality and stratification is functional for society and a source of social order. Davis and Moore proposed this theory in 1945. It was heavily criticised, particularly in the 1970s for being an extremely conservative theory by Tumin, who remains their foremost critic.For Davis and Moore Stratification is a system of status positions and jobs. The key point of the theory is that Stratification is frequent and necessary. This is argued because all society is stratified. They argue that society is therefore a functional necessity. The theory focuses on the followingHow do people get to their proper positions?How do we motivate people to gourmandize the se positions?Once in position, how do you get people to do what is required?Davis and Moore went on to claim that society needs to fill the most important and difficult jobs with the most talented and hardworking people. If people were all paid the same regardless of their work, they would take the easiest jobs and do as secondary training as possible. on that point would be no incentive to work hard and do difficult educational courses. Society ensures that the most pay and the best working conditions go to those who are prepared to put the time and effort into working hard for them. The high rewards act as motivation for the social segmentations of work and preparation required for the difficult and responsible careers that some people choose.There have been many critics of the viewpoint, for example Kendall et al. point out that the functionalist approach generally ignores questions of geomorphologic inequality because it does not consider the social factors such as racial di scrimination, lack of job opportunities, and the inadequate funding of many schools that may contribute to the persistence of inequality in society. Nevertheless, this a priori perspective is very powerful. It emphasises the view that the jobs of power and importance are given to those with the most talent. It is clear that this type of theory is very attractive to those who have positions of power and wealth in society. It suggests those who are poor and powerless lack effort, talent and determination.How has functionalism influenced politics?Many belief systems suggest that poor people brought their difficult situations upon themselves. This type of theory has a long history in Britain, for example the famous philosopher Herbert Spencer argued that poverty was good for society as it further people to work in order to avoid being poor. He said that the poor themselves deserved to suffer poverty because of their lack of morality. Those living on benefits today are often seen as b eing lazy, and the term dole scrounger was frequently employed by the press to describe people pendant on benefits in the 1970s and 1980s. Even today, young single mothers are often demonised as becoming pregnant to gain housing, despite there being very little research evidence to support this claim. This type of popular thinking resulted in the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and led to the subsequent dominance of the thinkers of the sassy Right.The political and philosophical perspective known as the New Right is associated with the politicians Margaret Thatcher in the UK, and Ronald Reagan in the USA. The principles of the New Right are based on the theoretical viewpoints that are very close to functionalism. The New Right believe that inequality is inevitable in society. They go further and argue that we should have economic freedom. We should spoil and sell as we wish this is known as market liberalism. It assumes that all people are customers who are rational and m ake good choices. As a result, there is a philosophy of choice so that parents are support to choose schools for their children or hospitals if they become ill. The subtext is that people also choose to be poor.In Britain, the New Right became associated with underclass theory, which is back up by writers such as Charles Murray and David Saunders. These writers both claim that in the UK, benefit systems mean that people make a rational choice to stay poor, because it is easier to stay at home on the dole than go to work. They claim that some people go on to gear up a culture that is state dependent, against traditional values, criminal, irresponsible and destructive. They suggest that people are often lazy and selfish so they must be encouraged to work by making welfare payments low enough to make life uncomfortable. People who live in areas where few people have work will develop a culture that encourages laziness. People get used to relying on others if life is made easy for th em and all their self will and impudence is lost. They must be encouraged to take control of their own lives and by punitive methods such as having their benefits cut, if necessary.Criticisms include the way that it ignores the way that some people have more access to wealth, status and power than others, so effectively it ignores social structure. It does not take inequalities of class, gender, ethnicity, age and ability into account. There are dual standards, voluminous people are expected to be rewarded for their work by the incentive of high pay, but poor people should be expected to work to avoid poverty. Businesses should have the freedom to sell what they like, but families should follow strict rules of behaviour. It ignores bad behaviour among the rich, poor people are controlled, but not the wealthy. In addition, it makes odd assumptions about people, for instance, that they are naturally selfish, and that they do things for rational rather than cultural reasons. From a s ociological point of view one of the most beshrew criticisms is that there is very little research evidence to back up what is claimed by the New Right.What is trickle-down theory?Trickle-down theory is sometimes used in an overbearing way to describe a theory that has been popular among politicians of the New Right and who have functionalist views of society. The basic belief is that by cutting evaluatees to the rich and to businesses, then the whole population will benefit as the rich people slip by their money and boost the economy.This type of thinking formed the basis of economic constitution in the USA under President Reagan and in the UK under Margaret Thatcher. There is support for this kind of thinking in the writing of the influential economist, Keynes who said that tax cuts for the rich promote investment. There are still regular and frequent calls by political parties to cut taxes in order that people can spend more of their money.The most recent and widely reported call for tax cuts came from David Cameron, the leader of the Conservative Party in May 2008. In the 1980s, taxes were cut in Britain in a way that benefitted the rich in the hopes that it would boost the economy. Many taxes were abolished, such as capital gains tax which applies only to the wealthier people in society. At the same time, some taxes that affected everyone and possibly the poor more than others increased. In 1981, Value Added Tax (VAT) rose from 8% to 15% to pay for the tax cuts to the rich. In 1991 it was raised again to 17.5% by the Conservative government of John Major government to pay for cuts in the poll tax.In practical terms, the very rich are often low tax payers in view of what they earn. The TUC suggests that tax avoidance by the super-rich costs the British taxpayer 13bn a year. They point out that this is enough money to increase old-age pensions by 20 per cent. Tax planning loopholes mean that the super-rich put money into the names of their families or live abroad for large portions of the year to avoid tax. The government has policies which support the super-rich so capital gains tax at is set at 18% when the top rate of income tax is 40%.There is still debate as to the effectiveness of the tax cuts in supporting the economy. It is certain that the rate of inequality in British society has been growing so that a reduction in the growth of inequality is now seen as a government achievement Trickle down theories are not supported by economic evidence but still hold considerable influence over public policy making.What is the Functionalist Perspective on class?Functionalists have a positive view about inequality, since it is seen to motivate the less well off to aspire to the income and status enjoyed by the rich and wealthy. Therefore, they applaud the existence of the class structure seeing it as promoting effort, motivation and success. Functionalists believe strongly in the existence of a meritocracy whereby there is equality of opportunity enabling the talented to get up up from any social class to occupy societys most important and demanding roles. Functionalists believe it is appropriate and right to highly reward those in the higher social classes since they believe they are there through merit. Rewarding those at the top only serves to motivate those at the bottom more, they argue. Inequality is therefore beneficial to society and the existence of a class structure becomes functional in providing that inequality.Functionalists like the competitive values that the class structure provides and genuinely believe society is centripetal to social mobility thereby allowing the most talented to rise to the top of society. A fluid and flexible class structure rewards individual achievement by granting the shine prize of income and status to those who work hard. Despite class inequalities of the class structure a meritocracy offers the opportunity for anyone to get to the top. The ideas of functionalism are probably best expressed through the culture of the USA where the American Dream is the widespread goal of almost every citizen. The argument that those at the bottom are held back by geomorphological constraints such as poor housing, poor education and general poverty is dismissed my functionalists with the argument that they are simply not trying hard enough.The view that the lower classes are held back by their cultural values of laziness and fecklessness, rather than genuine structural disadvantages, is a functionalist theme adopted subsequently by the New Right. For example, the work of US New Right theorist Charles Murray portrays those at the bottom of society, whom he refers to as an underclass, as outside the cultural values of the rest of society. He sees them embracing an alternative subculture of deviant values centred around being workshy, living off welfare and having fatalistic attitudes, for example, taking life as it comes. Whilst influential, Murrays work has come in for sustained criticism for its refusal to recognise the significance of structural factors and his dogmatic obsession of scapegoating lone mother families for societys problems.In Britain, Murrays New Right contemporary, tool Saunders shares a similar contemptuous view of those at the bottom of the class structure. However, adopting a view similar to postmodernism he sees society as divided less along lines of class and more in terms of inhalation. He calls this consumption cleavage. He argues a process of social restratification has taken place, dividing those seeking to satisfy their consumption needs through private ownership of cars, housing, private education and health care, in contrast to those reliant upon social housing, public transport, state education and health care.Saunders argues that divisions of consumption and lifestyle cut across old class lines, with consumption now influencing and shaping identity and social attitudes to a far greater extent. However, ro semary Crompton criticizes Saunders for claiming class is dead on the one hand yet continuing to point to occupational class as a powerful influence on income, consumption and political attitudes on the other.

Bunraku Theater and Kathakali Dance Drama

Bunraku field of operation and Kathakali Dance Drama accounting entryM either geographic expeditions into the realm of discipline liberal arts bedevil produced miscellaneous discoveries, which have helped battleground devotees make connections never seen before amid theater customs dutys not only from diverse split of the world, but with distinct means of origin. round(prenominal) such(prenominal) exploration is vital to mental representation research and practice as it not only adds value to mental representation study, but it excessively may impart an opportunity for ii or much histrionics customss to bl closedown into unitary exhibition of c befully investigated research.The following research presentation examines two very diametrical and diverse theatrical practices Bunraku battleground, from seventeenth century japan, and Kathakali Dance-Drama, from seventeenth century southern India. In this examination of Bunraku and Kathakali theatrical traditions, this research paper is an exploration of the cultural organic evolution of for each one tradition and a reflection on the development of extra per weeer roles and the cistron of feat in some(prenominal) of these practices.Bunraku Theater is a handed-down form of pecker Theater that originated in japan. Initi on the wholey, Bunraku was the spot of the theater where ningyo-joruri (puppets and report cardtelling) was performed in. Gradually, this name evolved and became to be the name associated with the art of ningyo-joruri itself. (What is Bunraku?) Today, Bunraku is the official name of Puppet Theater in Japan. Textual styles in Bunraku involve a high degree of drama, whereas most puppet-oriented theatrical traditions simply rely on simple myths and legends as a unveiling for their texts. intimately puppet- base theater practices around the world withal usually hide the puppeteers involved in the drama. In Bunraku, however, the puppeteers atomic number 18 shown to the audience on with the puppets. (What is Bunraku?)Kathakali is one of the elderlyest theatrical traditions India, originating in the southern dry land of Kerela. In Malayalam, the name Kathakali directly translates into story-play. This tradition is primarily a dance-oriented tradition with textual styles involving approximations found on mythological texts from Hinduism such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata. ( rajan) Most dance-based theater practices rely only on the dance stools to get hold of various messages. Kathakali, however, heavily relies on a super detailed devote and costume classification, which portrays the characteristics of the characters. (Rajan)The astonishing circumstance is that both of these traditions have no evidence of contact amongst themselves. However, as absurd as the relationship may be, a whiz of the practices of naturalist Charles Darwin echo when discussing this situation. One might argue that at some point, both these traditions might have a common lineage that dates back thousands of years. Maybe, in the process of developing these traditions, at that place was a connection somewhere that inspired both these traditions. Then again, while searching for a diachronic link, the true centerfield of the links between Bunraku and Kathakali must not be lost. An examination, nevertheless, of their respective cultural evolution, seems necessary.Cultural EvolutionBunraku Theater evolved from two divers(prenominal) groups. in that respect was a tradition of travelling storytellers and a tradition of travelling puppeteers in seventeenth century Japan. These two groups came into contact with each former(a) and decided to feature the arts of puppetry and storytelling. This tradition was brought into professional carrying into challenge when Takemoto Gidayu, considered as the father of Bunraku, established a theater in Osaka. Gidayu began his c ber in Kyoto as a narrator. He was known for his storytelling abilities. In 168 4, he decided to form his own variation of theater with the combination of puppetry and storytelling. With the help of Chikamatsu Monzaemon, regarded as one of the greatest playw matures in Japanese history, and Takeda Izumo, a theater owner and manager, Gidayu was able to establish his theater in Osaka. The plays of this revolutionary style of theater known as joruri were categorized into two divisions jidai-mono (historical) and sewa-mono (domestic) plays. historical plays were foc utilize on the lifestyle and stories involving the noble and military social classes, while domestic plays were concerned with the lives of the common town residents. Upon the division of joruri around 1703 into Takemoto-za, led by Gidayu, and Toyo mob-za, led by an apprentice of Gidayu who left the Osaka Theater, the fight for the best theater of joruri produced some quality work. This period of Bunraku history was later referred to as the Golden Age. Plays from this magazine period atomic number 18 unflustered the most often performed plays today. However, after a prosporous early eighteenth century, the late eighteenth century brought a period of literary drought as joruri declined in normality. The only existence of Puppet Theater after that was that in shrines and temples. Amidst this phase, a small theater was opened in Osaka some the Inari Shrine in 1811 by Uemura Bunrakuken. In 1872, it was relocated to Matsushima and officially titled Bunraku-za. Soon after in 1884, a new rival to Bunraku-za arose by the name of Hikiroku-za. Similar to the previous(prenominal) golden age, this rivalry produced some fine work and Bunraku was at a point of revival. The rivalry suffered six years as Hikoroku-za unsympathetic down in 1893. Bunraku-za was the only remaining representative of Puppet Theater. Soon, the art of Puppet Theater became known as Bunraku instead of just the theater. After serviceman War II, one of the first rebuilt theaters was the Yotsubashi Bunraku-za becau se the government wished to preserve this famous art form out of Osaka. In 1966, in Tokyo, the first National Theater was built. This theater targeted a jr. audience to keep the tradition alive. Today, as a get out of the investment, the theater is part of UNESCOs Intangible Cultural Heritage list. (paragraph of references)Meanwhile, in southern India, Kathalkali had a contrasting direction from which it evolved. The art of Kathakali originated from a governmental rivalry between two chieftains the Raja (King) of Kottarakkara and the Zamorin of Calicut. The Raja of Kottarakkara requested the presence of a dance-drama ships comp each known as Krishnanaattam from the Zamorin of Calicut to perform at a social gathering. Krishnanaattam was a dance-drama based on the life of Lord Krishna, a Hindu mythological god. The Zamorin considered this offer and due to political tension between the two, he ref utilize to send the troupe blaming it on the fact that the Raja of Kottarakkara woul d not appreciate the art form. In rebellion, the Raja of Kottarakkara created an equivalent form of dance-drama called Raamanaattam, based on the life of Lord Rama, an different Hindu mythological god. Raamanaattam was created in Malayalam, the traditional language of the state of Kerela. By the end of the seventeenth century, the lissome version of Raamanaattam was known as Kathakali. Kathakali was performed in Hindu temples as its stories had much to do with religious texts. The art of Kathakali was a mixture of some(prenominal) art forms of Kerela Nritta, Nrittya, Natya, Kalaripayattu, Theyyam, and Koodiyattam. Nritta, Nrittya, and Natya are names for various dance types directly translating into pure dance, suggestive dance with the aid of postures and gestures, and drama. Kalaripayattu is the martial art of Kerela. This art is evident in the course of Kathakali by the way movers are trained until absolute endurance is achieved. Theyyam is a ritualistic dance form. The hea vy(p) use of get to and guide ondresses in Kathakali is derived from Theyyam. Lastly, Koodiyattam is a Sanskrit-based theater performed in the temples of Kerela. This theater, dating back to 200 BC, contains the stage action that has been inherited by Kathakali. Along with the reach from Theyyam, stiff and powerful movements from Kaliripayattu, this stage action completes the art of Kathakali today. (paragraph of references)Noticing the some differences in the way that these traditions came about, they have plenty of similarities that could be apply as critical researched connections. Both theatrical practices have different root of evolution. Bunraku Theater evolved as a result of the desire to capitalize on a newly discovered means of theater involving puppets and storytelling. Kathakali dance-drama evolved as a result of political feuds between rival kingdoms, and how one dominant form of dance-drama evolved done the centuries to represent its modern representation. The fa ct that both practices come from different narratives in their backgrounds challenges the unconvincing theory that any contact was possible between the two cultures. Regardless of historical contact, Bunraku and Kathakali seem to display great similarities in three areas additional performer roles, piddle, and movement.Additional promoter RolesInstantly, one notices that there are some introductory connections linking Bunraku and Kathakali evolution. Both traditions evolved in the 17th century. Both traditions are different from conventional traditions in their respected forms. However, deficiency of communicating in the seventeenth century limited ways in which one practice could become aware of the other. on that point are to a fault other detailed aspects that link the fundamentals of each theatrical practice.The first connection between Bunraku and Kathakali is the development of additional performer roles. in that respect are two additional roles apart from the puppeteers in Bunraku. One of them is the role of the chanter and the other is that of the shamisen player. The chanter is known as the tayu. His role is described as bringing woody dolls to life. finished the reflections make by the chanter, the dolls are able to communicate with each other filled with the same expression as any western theatrical actor. Apart from reciting the dialogue, the chanter also informs the audience on the background involved with the scene being presented. Only one chanter is ask to perform all the roles. Thus, the chanter needs to have a versatile voice. Over-exaggeration is immanent to portray a characters personality and their emotions. The crowd is able to distinguish between characters with with(predicate) the enlarged voices made by the chanter. The chanter is accompanied by the shamisen player, who plays the musical supplement to. Out of the three types of shamisens, the one played in Bunraku is the type with the interminable neck to emit the deepes t and most low-pitched sound. This also requires the chanter to sing from the lower abdomen. Similar to the role of the chanter, the shamisen player must also try to add his full heart into the music to make the musical addition as real and cultural as possible. (paragraph of references)Kathakali performances contain more additional performers than Bunraku. However, their roles are similar to those of Bunraku. There is a music accompaniment to the performance. The musicians are referred to as the orchestra. The orchestra composes of three drums and a set of cymbals. Usually, one performer plays each instrument, but there are performances where more than one are seen playing the same instrument. The three drums are the chenda, maddalam, and edakka. The chenda is loud and powerful and is utilise for scenes with building suspense. The maddalam is utilise for softer sounds pertaining to distaff characters. The edakka is also used for its soft, musical addition to the overall spirit. Along with the drums, the cymbals aid the drums to help the dancer keep in hold fast with the music. The orchestra is used throughout the performance because without the overcome of the drums, the performers are clueless as to their movements. The dance dances according to the rhythm of the drums. There is a vocal aspect to Kathakali as well. This aspect is used to narrate the story because the performers do not speak in the performance. The dialogue is spoken in either Malayalam or Sanskrit and is said whenever narration is required. In parts where dance builds the suspense, the drums take control and the chanter(s) does(do) not speak. (paragraph of references)In Bunraku and Kathakali, the roles of additional performers are similar. The chanters are responsible for reciting the story and speaking any dialogue needed to be spoken. The instrument players are required to maintain the tone of the performance. The institutional soul of the performance in both cases is created by the music, which has to be followed by other elements. The extraordinary similarities presented by this frank addition of music is one of many upon which basic structure of performance are developed.Make-UpThe second correlation between Bunraku and Kathakali is the heavy use of cause to describe the characteristics of the various characters. In Bunraku, various puppet liberty chits indicate various personalities of the characters.Different types of ears with fixed make-up are used. Each puppet head is meant for a different role. There are twelve types of male puppet heads, six types of female puppet heads, and there are also especial(a)ly made heads used for special roles. The male heads are Bunshichi, Kenbishi, Komei, Odanshichi, Genda, Waka otoko, Oniwaka, Matahei, Darasuke, Yokanbei, Oshuto, and Kiichi. Bunshichi is a head used for tragic heroes. The heroism prat be seen through the masculine saying with rich eyebrows. However, the facial expression shows concealed worry or s orrow, which oversteps to the conclusion that this hero is tragic and has suffered for a long time. Kenbishi is a head used for characters playing encouraging roles in a performance. This heads facial expression indicates strong willpower, which is indicated by the single-lined painting of the mouth. Komei is a head used for middle-aged characters. This head is intended to be thoughtful, depicted by its tasteful facade. Odanshichi is a head used for warriors. These warriors are brave and courageous, which can be seen through the bold facial expression and the heavy lines with which the head is painted. Genda and Waka otoko are heads used for teens and men in their twenties. Their elegance is shown through their menome faces. Oniwaka is a head used for teen males as well. However, the red excuse of the face portrays that these characters are feral and stubborn as opposed to handsome and beauteous. Matahei is a head used to portray honest men living simple lives, which is seen through the simplicity of their face. Darasuke is a head that represents the enemy. The facial expression of this character displays opposing views and a sense of unease. These characters are supposed to be disliked by the audience. Yokanbei is a head used for enemies as well. However, the pink face and the long moustache are traits of humor. Therefore, these characters are humorous villains, who arent supposed to be completely disliked by the audience. Oshuto and Kiichi heads are both used for the roles of aged men. Oshuto is typically used to portray an aged warrior. Although the wrinkles on the face represent age, the fearless expression displays the characteristics of a retired warrior. Kiichi is a head also used for an aged warrior. However, the facial expression of wisdom represents an important figure.The six female heads are Musume, Fuke-oyama, Baba, Keisei, Baku-ya, and O-Fuku. Musume is the most beautiful and appealing female head for a common woman in Bunraku. It is used for roles for vernal women from fifteen years of age and onwards. It can also be used for young wives. Fuke-oyama is a head dedicated to young-middle aged women, aged twenty to forty. These heads are also very beautiful, but the different tomentum cerebristyle portrays a greater degree of maturity. Baba is a head which is divided up into two different-looking heads. One is used for historical plays and the other is used for domestic plays. The historical head is used for significant older roles in historical plays. The hair of this head is very smooth compared to rough hair in the domestic version, which is used mainly for old townswomen. Keisei is considered to be the most elegant head in its appealing facial features and elaborate hair style. It is used for courtesan women in the high social classes. Baku-ya is the head used for evil roles such as that of an old hag. The wrinkles, rough hair, and facial expression depict wickedness. Lastly, O-Fuku is a plump version of Musume. This head is used for the roles of servants. (paragraph of references)With such details in terms of make-up of the puppets, a conclusion could be formulated that Bunraku heavily relies of make-up as an element of performance. The various make-up patterns expressed in the form of a range of heads lead to the build-up of the personalities of various characters on stage.These typical heads resembling various characters can also be found in the make-up of Kathakali. In Kathakali, the traits of the character consider on the color scheme of the make-up. There are five different styles of make-up in Kathakali Minukku,Paccha, Katti, Taadi, and Kari. Minukku is the make-up used for characters designated in the upper class of society. Through the polished make-up scheme, a sense of glorified piety is shown in a disciple character. When used with women roles, delicate touches of Minukku are provided. Paccha is a style of make-up used to gild mythological heroes, Gods, and other characters with much importance. The characters valor and ethical distinction are portrayed by the purity of the green color used in this make-up. Katti, a make-up more complex than Paccha, is used for antagonistic roles which are opposite the heroes of the play. The resemblance of the make-up to sharply bent daggers portrays the characteristics of evil competition and arrogance. Taadi is a make-up structure of a beard which is divided into three parts Veluppu taadi, Chuvanna taadi, and Karuppu taadi. Veluppu taadi is a beard used for warrior roles. This beard brings a sense of reality to these mythological fighters. Chuvanna taadi is a beard used to add dreadfulness to characters. Used mainly for evil characters, this make-up can also be used for adding immorality to lesser malefic characters. Burning red eyes and thick nasty lips are used to help portray this image. Karuppu taadi is the last type of taadi make-up. This beard is black and is used for thieves and robbers. The last type of make-up in Kathakali is Kari. This make-up is also used for evil characters. The black face represents the presence of blackness inside the character. (paragraph of references) gruntle in Bunraku is focus on on the presentation of the different heads. In Kathakali, the way different make-up styles are combined defines characters. In both traditions, the purpose is similar to reveal the characteristics and dish out various stock roles to various styles of presentation. Instantly, a relation between the two traditions is established. Of course, there are differences in the details of each element. Nonetheless, in the two performance aspects investigated, the intentions in Bunraku and Kathakali are fundamentally alike. The significance of these relations is advance elaborated when the third one is made, which is based on movement. front lineMovement is the last element in Bunraku and Kathakali in discussion. Since none of the performers speak, movement is the medium through which th ey communicate the chanters message to the audience. The movement is the key aspect to the conveyance of the theme of the performance. In Bunraku, the puppeteers bespeak the puppet according to the chanter in pasture to keep up with the tempo of the performance. (The Puppets) In Kathakali, the movement is the prime source of communication to the audience through very intricate facial expressions and complicated hand movements.In Bunraku, the movements of the puppets are maneuvered by three puppeteers the omo-zukai, hidari-zukai, and ashi-zukai. The omo-zukai is the head puppeteer. He controls the puppets head and skilful hand. The head is controlled by a stick wired with levers to control various facial parts such as the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth. The omo-zukai holds this lever with his left hand and operates the puppets reclaim hand with his right hand. The hidari-zukai is the puppeteer that controls the puppets left hand. He does so with his right hand. Most hand gestures made by puppets are performed by the left hand because its movement is specifically exercised by the hidari-zukai. Lastly, the least experienced puppeteer out of the three is usually the ashi-zukai, who controls both feet of the puppeteer with both his hands. These three puppeteers train for years to acquire a state of harmony in their movements. If the movements are not presented with a state of synchronization, the puppeteers fail to bring the puppet to life because the movements seem abnormal to the audience. The biggest challenge presented to puppeteers is the elemental want to empathize with the puppet. For example, at a particular point in a play, if the puppet is sad, the puppeteer must develop a state of sadness in order to perfect the movement assigned to him. If all three puppeteers empathize this way, harmony in movement is reached and the puppet is brought to life. (paragraph of references)Kathakali also incorporates a large degree of movement in its performances. Most of t he performance is based on the movement of the character. The element of movement is so extensive that an entire language has been developed using the hands of the performer. This language is based upon mudras. There are twenty-four basic mudras, or letters that can be combined to form words and phrases. Along with mudras, there are club basic facial expressions known as the nava rassas. These facial expressions depict the mood of the character. They represent a stylized form of everyday expressions. The movements conducted by the feet follow the beat of the orchestra. They help in the addition of technique to the rest of the movements. When combined, the make-up represents the personality of a character, the facial expressions represent the mood, and the dialogue is spoken through the mudras. all aspects of a character are covered through the make-up and movement, representing a very stylized way of conducting a dance-drama. (paragraph of references)In both theatrical traditions, the movement is essential in bringing the production to life. In the case of Bunraku, this is done is by creating the perception of bringing the puppets to life. In Kathakali, this is done through a language based heavily on movement. The movement controls the dialogue in both cases. Thus, both traditions have a very similar use of movement. shuttingBunraku Puppet Theater is a tradition that began as a combination of two traditions storytelling and puppetry. Early Bunraku saw the rise of the Osaka Theater, founded by Takemoto Gidayu. After some highs and lows, Bunraku is still a popular form of theater in Japan. In another part of the world, Kathakali originated from a political brawl where the Raja of Kottarakkara created a dance-drama called Raamanaattam. This form of dance-drama, with some perfection, became modern-day Kathakali. There are many similarities, however, despite the differences in the cultural evolution of these traditions. One tradition evolved in the coastal regio n of modern-day Japan while the other evolved on the region surrounded by the southern tip of India. Regardless, both of these traditions rely on facial features to describe the characters involved in the drama. In Bunraku, it is the different painted heads. In Kathakali, it is the stylistic make-up. Also, both Bunraku and Kathakali contain specific additional performers. The stunning fact is that in both styles, the additional performers have similar duties. There is a recite/chanter and there is musical accompaniment. Lastly, the movement element in Bunraku and Kathakali is heavily relied upon to create harmony in Bunraku and convey messages in Kathakali. All these similarities are fascinating considering the differences amongst these two traditions. One must ponder how these similarities came into existence. Was it mere coincidence? Could Darwins theory of evolution be implied here? These similarities could coat the way for further investigation into these two traditions and may be, the world would be able to see a Bunraku play performed the Kathakali way or a Hindu text performed with Bunraku puppets. This research can lead to a whole new dimension of theatrical study.BibliographyThe Chanter and the Shamisen Player. An Introduction to the area of Bunraku. Japan humanistic discipline Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Heads for Female Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan wiles Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. .Heads for Male Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. .The History of Bunraku-1. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 18 June 2009. .The International Centre for Kathakali. New Delhi International Centre for Kathakali, n.d. Print.Johnson, Matthew. A Brief Introduction to the History of Bunraku. Sagecraft. 14 Aug. 1995. Web. 21 July 2010. .Kathakali. The Art Forms of Kerala. Web. 17 July 2009. .Narayanan, Akavoor. Kathakali The amount Theatre Nonpareil. Kathakali Journal of The International Centre for Kathakali May 2009 12+. Print.The Puppets. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Rajan, Anjana. Kathakali. Art India. Web. 17 July 2009. .Unikrishan. Movement and Themes of Kathakali. ad hominem interview. 18 July 2009.What is Bunraku? An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Photograph BibliographyHeads for Female Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .Heads for Male Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .Various Colourful Costumes Makeup in Kathakali. Photograph. cochin china Cultural Centre, Kochi. cochin china Cultural Centre. Cochin Cultural Centre. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .Bunraku Theater and Kathakali Dance DramaBunraku Theater and Kathakali Dance DramaIntroduction Many explorations into the realm of theater arts have produced various discoveries, which have helped theater devotees make connections never seen before between theater traditions not only from different parts of the world, but with different means of origin. Any such exploration is vital to theatrical research and practice as it not only adds value to theatrical study, but it also may provide an opportunity for two or more theatrical traditions to blend into one exhibition of carefully investigated research.The following research presentation examines two very different and diverse theatrical practices Bunraku Theater, from seventeenth century Japan, and Kathakali Dance-Drama, from seventeenth century southern India. In this examination of Bunraku and Kathakali theatrical traditions, this research paper is an exploration of the cultural evolution of each tradition and a reflection on the development of additional performer roles and the element of movement in both of these practic es.Bunraku Theater is a traditional form of Puppet Theater that originated in Japan. Initially, Bunraku was the name of the theater where ningyo-joruri (puppets and storytelling) was performed in. Gradually, this name evolved and became to be the name associated with the art of ningyo-joruri itself. (What is Bunraku?) Today, Bunraku is the official name of Puppet Theater in Japan. Textual styles in Bunraku involve a high degree of drama, whereas most puppet-oriented theatrical traditions simply rely on simple myths and legends as a foundation for their texts. Most puppet-based theater practices around the world also usually hide the puppeteers involved in the drama. In Bunraku, however, the puppeteers are shown to the audience along with the puppets. (What is Bunraku?)Kathakali is one of the oldest theatrical traditions India, originating in the southern state of Kerela. In Malayalam, the name Kathakali directly translates into story-play. This tradition is primarily a dance-oriente d tradition with textual styles involving themes based on mythological texts from Hinduism such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata. (Rajan) Most dance-based theater practices rely only on the dance movements to convey various messages. Kathakali, however, heavily relies on a highly detailed make-up and costume classification, which portrays the characteristics of the characters. (Rajan)The astonishing circumstance is that both of these traditions have no evidence of contact amongst themselves. However, as absurd as the relationship may be, a sense of the practices of naturalist Charles Darwin echo when discussing this situation. One might argue that at some point, both these traditions might have a common root that dates back thousands of years. Maybe, in the process of developing these traditions, there was a connection somewhere that inspired both these traditions. Then again, while searching for a historical link, the true essence of the links between Bunraku and Kathakali must not be lost. An examination, nevertheless, of their respective cultural evolution, seems necessary.Cultural EvolutionBunraku Theater evolved from two different groups. There was a tradition of travelling storytellers and a tradition of travelling puppeteers in seventeenth century Japan. These two groups came into contact with each other and decided to combine the arts of puppetry and storytelling. This tradition was brought into professional performance when Takemoto Gidayu, considered as the father of Bunraku, established a theater in Osaka. Gidayu began his career in Kyoto as a narrator. He was known for his storytelling abilities. In 1684, he decided to form his own variation of theater with the combination of puppetry and storytelling. With the help of Chikamatsu Monzaemon, regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in Japanese history, and Takeda Izumo, a theater owner and manager, Gidayu was able to establish his theater in Osaka. The plays of this revolutionary style of theater known as joruri were categorized into two divisions jidai-mono (historical) and sewa-mono (domestic) plays. Historical plays were focused on the lifestyle and stories involving the noble and military social classes, while domestic plays were concerned with the lives of the common town residents. Upon the division of joruri around 1703 into Takemoto-za, led by Gidayu, and Toyotake-za, led by an apprentice of Gidayu who left the Osaka Theater, the fight for the best theater of joruri produced some quality work. This period of Bunraku history was later referred to as the Golden Age. Plays from this time period are still the most often performed plays today. However, after a prosporous early eighteenth century, the late eighteenth century brought a period of literary drought as joruri declined in popularity. The only existence of Puppet Theater after that was that in shrines and temples. Amidst this phase, a small theater was opened in Osaka near the Inari Shrine in 1811 by Uemura Bunra kuken. In 1872, it was relocated to Matsushima and officially titled Bunraku-za. Soon after in 1884, a new rival to Bunraku-za arose by the name of Hikiroku-za. Similar to the previous golden age, this rivalry produced some fine work and Bunraku was at a point of revival. The rivalry lasted six years as Hikoroku-za closed down in 1893. Bunraku-za was the only remaining representative of Puppet Theater. Soon, the art of Puppet Theater became known as Bunraku instead of just the theater. After World War II, one of the first rebuilt theaters was the Yotsubashi Bunraku-za because the government wished to preserve this famous art form out of Osaka. In 1966, in Tokyo, the first National Theater was built. This theater targeted a younger audience to keep the tradition alive. Today, as a result of the investment, the theater is part of UNESCOs Intangible Cultural Heritage list. (paragraph of references)Meanwhile, in southern India, Kathalkali had a different direction from which it evolved. The art of Kathakali originated from a political rivalry between two chieftains the Raja (King) of Kottarakkara and the Zamorin of Calicut. The Raja of Kottarakkara requested the presence of a dance-drama troupe known as Krishnanaattam from the Zamorin of Calicut to perform at a social gathering. Krishnanaattam was a dance-drama based on the life of Lord Krishna, a Hindu mythological god. The Zamorin considered this proposition and due to political tension between the two, he refused to send the troupe blaming it on the fact that the Raja of Kottarakkara would not appreciate the art form. In rebellion, the Raja of Kottarakkara created an equivalent form of dance-drama called Raamanaattam, based on the life of Lord Rama, another Hindu mythological god. Raamanaattam was created in Malayalam, the traditional language of the state of Kerela. By the end of the seventeenth century, the polished version of Raamanaattam was known as Kathakali. Kathakali was performed in Hindu temples as it s stories had much to do with religious texts. The art of Kathakali was a mixture of several art forms of Kerela Nritta, Nrittya, Natya, Kalaripayattu, Theyyam, and Koodiyattam. Nritta, Nrittya, and Natya are names for various dance types directly translating into pure dance, suggestive dance with the aid of postures and gestures, and drama. Kalaripayattu is the martial art of Kerela. This art is evident in the movement of Kathakali through the way performers are trained until absolute endurance is achieved. Theyyam is a ritualistic dance form. The heavy use of make-up and headdresses in Kathakali is derived from Theyyam. Lastly, Koodiyattam is a Sanskrit-based theater performed in the temples of Kerela. This theater, dating back to 200 BC, contains the stage action that has been inherited by Kathakali. Along with the make-up from Theyyam, stiff and powerful movements from Kaliripayattu, this stage action completes the art of Kathakali today. (paragraph of references)Noticing the ma ny differences in the way that these traditions came about, they have plenty of similarities that could be used as critical researched connections. Both theatrical practices have different roots of evolution. Bunraku Theater evolved as a result of the desire to capitalize on a newly discovered means of theater involving puppets and storytelling. Kathakali dance-drama evolved as a result of political feuds between rival kingdoms, and how one dominant form of dance-drama evolved through the centuries to represent its modern representation. The fact that both practices come from different narratives in their backgrounds challenges the implausible theory that any contact was possible between the two cultures. Regardless of historical contact, Bunraku and Kathakali seem to display great similarities in three areas additional performer roles, make-up, and movement.Additional Performer RolesInstantly, one notices that there are some introductory connections linking Bunraku and Kathakali ev olution. Both traditions evolved in the 17th century. Both traditions are different from conventional traditions in their respected forms. However, lack of communication in the seventeenth century limited ways in which one practice could become aware of the other. There are also other detailed aspects that link the fundamentals of each theatrical practice.The first connection between Bunraku and Kathakali is the development of additional performer roles. There are two additional roles apart from the puppeteers in Bunraku. One of them is the role of the chanter and the other is that of the shamisen player. The chanter is known as the tayu. His role is described as bringing wooden dolls to life. Through the expressions made by the chanter, the dolls are able to communicate with each other filled with the same expression as any western theatrical actor. Apart from reciting the dialogue, the chanter also informs the audience on the background involved with the scene being presented. Onl y one chanter is needed to perform all the roles. Thus, the chanter needs to have a versatile voice. Over-exaggeration is essential to portray a characters personality and their emotions. The crowd is able to distinguish between characters through the exaggerated voices made by the chanter. The chanter is accompanied by the shamisen player, who plays the musical supplement to. Out of the three types of shamisens, the one played in Bunraku is the type with the longest neck to emit the deepest and most low-pitched sound. This also requires the chanter to sing from the lower abdomen. Similar to the role of the chanter, the shamisen player must also attempt to add his full heart into the music to make the musical addition as real and cultural as possible. (paragraph of references)Kathakali performances contain more additional performers than Bunraku. However, their roles are similar to those of Bunraku. There is a music accompaniment to the performance. The musicians are referred to as the orchestra. The orchestra composes of three drums and a set of cymbals. Usually, one performer plays each instrument, but there are performances where more than one are seen playing the same instrument. The three drums are the chenda, maddalam, and edakka. The chenda is loud and powerful and is used for scenes with building suspense. The maddalam is used for softer sounds pertaining to female characters. The edakka is also used for its soft, musical addition to the overall spirit. Along with the drums, the cymbals aid the drums to help the dancer keep in beat with the music. The orchestra is used throughout the performance because without the beats of the drums, the performers are clueless as to their movements. The dance dances according to the rhythm of the drums. There is a vocal aspect to Kathakali as well. This aspect is used to narrate the story because the performers do not speak in the performance. The dialogue is spoken in either Malayalam or Sanskrit and is said wheneve r narration is required. In parts where dance builds the suspense, the drums take control and the chanter(s) does(do) not speak. (paragraph of references)In Bunraku and Kathakali, the roles of additional performers are similar. The chanters are responsible for reciting the story and speaking any dialogue needed to be spoken. The instrument players are required to maintain the tone of the performance. The institutional soul of the performance in both cases is created by the music, which has to be followed by other elements. The remarkable similarities presented by this straightforward addition of music is one of many upon which basic structure of performance are developed.Make-UpThe second correlation between Bunraku and Kathakali is the heavy use of make-up to describe the characteristics of the various characters. In Bunraku, various puppet heads indicate various personalities of the characters.Different types of heads with fixed make-up are used. Each puppet head is meant for a di fferent role. There are twelve types of male puppet heads, six types of female puppet heads, and there are also specially made heads used for special roles. The male heads are Bunshichi, Kenbishi, Komei, Odanshichi, Genda, Waka otoko, Oniwaka, Matahei, Darasuke, Yokanbei, Oshuto, and Kiichi. Bunshichi is a head used for tragic heroes. The heroism can be seen through the masculine face with thick eyebrows. However, the facial expression shows concealed worry or sorrow, which leads to the conclusion that this hero is tragic and has suffered for a long time. Kenbishi is a head used for characters playing supporting roles in a performance. This heads facial expression indicates strong willpower, which is indicated by the single-lined painting of the mouth. Komei is a head used for middle-aged characters. This head is intended to be thoughtful, portrayed by its polished facade. Odanshichi is a head used for warriors. These warriors are brave and courageous, which can be seen through the bold facial expression and the heavy lines with which the head is painted. Genda and Waka otoko are heads used for teens and men in their twenties. Their elegance is shown through their handsome faces. Oniwaka is a head used for teen males as well. However, the red color of the face portrays that these characters are wild and stubborn as opposed to handsome and elegant. Matahei is a head used to portray honest men living simple lives, which is seen through the simplicity of their face. Darasuke is a head that represents the enemy. The facial expression of this character displays opposing views and a sense of unease. These characters are supposed to be disliked by the audience. Yokanbei is a head used for enemies as well. However, the pink face and the long moustache are traits of humor. Therefore, these characters are humorous villains, who arent supposed to be completely disliked by the audience. Oshuto and Kiichi heads are both used for the roles of aged men. Oshuto is typically u sed to portray an aged warrior. Although the wrinkles on the face represent age, the fearless expression displays the characteristics of a retired warrior. Kiichi is a head also used for an aged warrior. However, the facial expression of wisdom represents an important figure.The six female heads are Musume, Fuke-oyama, Baba, Keisei, Baku-ya, and O-Fuku. Musume is the most beautiful and appealing female head for a common woman in Bunraku. It is used for roles for young women from fifteen years of age and onwards. It can also be used for young wives. Fuke-oyama is a head dedicated to young-middle aged women, aged twenty to forty. These heads are also very beautiful, but the different hairstyle portrays a greater degree of maturity. Baba is a head which is divided into two different-looking heads. One is used for historical plays and the other is used for domestic plays. The historical head is used for significant older roles in historical plays. The hair of this head is very smooth co mpared to rough hair in the domestic version, which is used mainly for old townswomen. Keisei is considered to be the most elegant head in its appealing facial features and elaborate hair style. It is used for courtesan women in the high social classes. Baku-ya is the head used for evil roles such as that of an old hag. The wrinkles, rough hair, and facial expression depict wickedness. Lastly, O-Fuku is a plump version of Musume. This head is used for the roles of servants. (paragraph of references)With such details in terms of make-up of the puppets, a conclusion could be formulated that Bunraku heavily relies of make-up as an element of performance. The various make-up patterns expressed in the form of a range of heads lead to the build-up of the personalities of various characters on stage.These typical heads resembling various characters can also be found in the make-up of Kathakali. In Kathakali, the traits of the character depend on the color scheme of the make-up. There are f ive different styles of make-up in Kathakali Minukku,Paccha, Katti, Taadi, and Kari. Minukku is the make-up used for characters designated in the upper class of society. Through the polished make-up scheme, a sense of glorified piety is shown in a disciple character. When used with women roles, delicate touches of Minukku are provided. Paccha is a style of make-up used to illustrate mythological heroes, Gods, and other characters with much importance. The characters valor and ethical distinction are portrayed by the purity of the green color used in this make-up. Katti, a make-up more complex than Paccha, is used for antagonistic roles which are opposite the heroes of the play. The resemblance of the make-up to sharply bent daggers portrays the characteristics of evil ambition and arrogance. Taadi is a make-up structure of a beard which is divided into three parts Veluppu taadi, Chuvanna taadi, and Karuppu taadi. Veluppu taadi is a beard used for warrior roles. This beard brings a s ense of realism to these mythological fighters. Chuvanna taadi is a beard used to add dreadfulness to characters. Used mainly for evil characters, this make-up can also be used for adding evilness to lesser malevolent characters. Burning red eyes and thick black lips are used to help portray this image. Karuppu taadi is the last type of taadi make-up. This beard is black and is used for thieves and robbers. The last type of make-up in Kathakali is Kari. This make-up is also used for evil characters. The black face represents the presence of blackness inside the character. (paragraph of references)Make-up in Bunraku is centered on the presentation of the different heads. In Kathakali, the way different make-up styles are combined defines characters. In both traditions, the purpose is similar to reveal the characteristics and assign various stock roles to various styles of presentation. Instantly, a relation between the two traditions is established. Of course, there are differences i n the details of each element. Nonetheless, in the two performance aspects investigated, the intentions in Bunraku and Kathakali are fundamentally alike. The significance of these relations is further elaborated when the third one is made, which is based on movement.MovementMovement is the last element in Bunraku and Kathakali in discussion. Since none of the performers speak, movement is the medium through which they communicate the chanters message to the audience. The movement is the key aspect to the conveyance of the theme of the performance. In Bunraku, the puppeteers maneuver the puppet according to the chanter in order to keep up with the tempo of the performance. (The Puppets) In Kathakali, the movement is the prime source of communication to the audience through very intricate facial expressions and complicated hand movements.In Bunraku, the movements of the puppets are maneuvered by three puppeteers the omo-zukai, hidari-zukai, and ashi-zukai. The omo-zukai is the head pu ppeteer. He controls the puppets head and right hand. The head is controlled by a stick wired with levers to control various facial parts such as the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth. The omo-zukai holds this lever with his left hand and operates the puppets right hand with his right hand. The hidari-zukai is the puppeteer that controls the puppets left hand. He does so with his right hand. Most hand gestures made by puppets are performed by the left hand because its movement is specifically exercised by the hidari-zukai. Lastly, the least experienced puppeteer out of the three is usually the ashi-zukai, who controls both feet of the puppeteer with both his hands. These three puppeteers train for years to acquire a state of harmony in their movements. If the movements are not presented with a state of synchronization, the puppeteers fail to bring the puppet to life because the movements seem abnormal to the audience. The biggest challenge presented to puppeteers is the elemental requiremen t to empathize with the puppet. For example, at a particular point in a play, if the puppet is sad, the puppeteer must develop a state of sadness in order to perfect the movement assigned to him. If all three puppeteers empathize this way, harmony in movement is reached and the puppet is brought to life. (paragraph of references)Kathakali also incorporates a large degree of movement in its performances. Most of the performance is based on the movement of the character. The element of movement is so extensive that an entire language has been developed using the hands of the performer. This language is based upon mudras. There are twenty-four basic mudras, or letters that can be combined to form words and phrases. Along with mudras, there are nine basic facial expressions known as the nava rassas. These facial expressions depict the mood of the character. They represent a stylized form of everyday expressions. The movements conducted by the feet follow the beat of the orchestra. They help in the addition of technique to the rest of the movements. When combined, the make-up represents the personality of a character, the facial expressions represent the mood, and the dialogue is spoken through the mudras. All aspects of a character are covered through the make-up and movement, representing a very stylized way of conducting a dance-drama. (paragraph of references)In both theatrical traditions, the movement is essential in bringing the production to life. In the case of Bunraku, this is done is by creating the perception of bringing the puppets to life. In Kathakali, this is done through a language based heavily on movement. The movement controls the dialogue in both cases. Thus, both traditions have a very similar use of movement.ConclusionBunraku Puppet Theater is a tradition that began as a combination of two traditions storytelling and puppetry. Early Bunraku saw the rise of the Osaka Theater, founded by Takemoto Gidayu. After some highs and lows, Bunraku is sti ll a popular form of theater in Japan. In another part of the world, Kathakali originated from a political brawl where the Raja of Kottarakkara created a dance-drama called Raamanaattam. This form of dance-drama, with some perfection, became modern-day Kathakali. There are many similarities, however, despite the differences in the cultural evolution of these traditions. One tradition evolved in the coastal region of modern-day Japan while the other evolved on the region surrounded by the southern tip of India. Regardless, both of these traditions rely on facial features to describe the characters involved in the drama. In Bunraku, it is the different painted heads. In Kathakali, it is the stylistic make-up. Also, both Bunraku and Kathakali contain specific additional performers. The stunning fact is that in both styles, the additional performers have similar duties. There is a recite/chanter and there is musical accompaniment. Lastly, the movement element in Bunraku and Kathakali is heavily relied upon to create harmony in Bunraku and convey messages in Kathakali. All these similarities are fascinating considering the differences amongst these two traditions. One must ponder how these similarities came into existence. Was it mere coincidence? Could Darwins theory of evolution be implied here? These similarities could pave the way for further investigation into these two traditions and maybe, the world would be able to see a Bunraku play performed the Kathakali way or a Hindu text performed with Bunraku puppets. This research can lead to a whole new dimension of theatrical study.BibliographyThe Chanter and the Shamisen Player. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Heads for Female Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. .Heads for Male Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. .The History of Bunraku-1. An Intr oduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 18 June 2009. .The International Centre for Kathakali. New Delhi International Centre for Kathakali, n.d. Print.Johnson, Matthew. A Brief Introduction to the History of Bunraku. Sagecraft. 14 Aug. 1995. Web. 21 July 2010. .Kathakali. The Art Forms of Kerala. Web. 17 July 2009. .Narayanan, Akavoor. Kathakali The Total Theatre Nonpareil. Kathakali Journal of The International Centre for Kathakali May 2009 12+. Print.The Puppets. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Rajan, Anjana. Kathakali. Art India. Web. 17 July 2009. .Unikrishan. Movement and Themes of Kathakali. Personal interview. 18 July 2009.What is Bunraku? An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. .Photograph BibliographyHeads for Female Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .Heads for Ma le Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .Various Colourful Costumes Makeup in Kathakali. Photograph. Cochin Cultural Centre, Kochi. Cochin Cultural Centre. Cochin Cultural Centre. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. .